National Institute for Engineering Ethics Essay

NIEE produced Henry’s Daughters to raise awareness of the ethical aspects of engineering work, advance knowledge and understanding of professional standards and public obligations and expectations, improve skills in moral reasoning, and strengthen personal dedication to exemplary conduct. Executive Producers were Joseph Herkert, Michael Loui, William Marcy, Steven Nichols, and Jimmy Smith. The entire NIEE Executive Board members served as Senior Investigators and Technical Advisors. Discussion Questions Professional Issues 1. Are there ethical implications to Henry, a lobbyist, hosting the senator on his expensive yacht? 2. Is there a legal or ethical limit to the level at which Henry should host the senator? 3. Is there an accepted code of practice or ethics for lobbyists? If not, suggest a few ethical statements for lobbyists. 4. Was it ethical for Henry to pull strings to get Julie her internship? 5. To what extent should engineers consider the political factors and social impacts to their engineering work? Ethics and New Technology Issues 6. What are the responsibilities of engineers when developing new technologies whose risks are difficult to foresee? 7. If GUIDME has the â€Å"best† technology, why should cost and other factors matter? 8. Because the experience base for a new technology is limited, it is difficult to write technical specifications. If engineers believe that the specifications are inadequate for future needs, should they recommend a system with characteristics exceeding those specifications? Conflict of Interest 9. Was it appropriate for Henry and his daughters to work on the same project for different parties? 10. How should Laura and Henry have handled their apparent conflict of interest? 11. How should Laura and Julie have handled their apparent conflict of interest? 12. Was Laura given the project because of her engineering talents and work ethic or because of Henry’s connections? If so, this might be a conflict of interest. If you are involved in a conflict of interest, what should you do? Gender Issues 13. Does the appropriate response to sexual harassment depend on the setting – for example, whether one is in a situation with one’s peers vs. with one’s supervisor? 14. Are sexist comments disguised as â€Å"jokes† acceptable? 15. Would Henry or the senator have treated events differently if either or both of Henry’s children had been sons? 16. Does the fact that Laura and Julie are attractive enter into any part of the interaction? Should it? 17. Is there a’ glass ceiling’ issue in this story? 18. How should the engineering profession address either the glass ceiling with the men’s club issue? 19. Is it permissible for a male employee to put his hand on a female employee’s shoulders? Or vice versa? For a male employee to put his hand on another male employee’s shoulders? 20. Is it permissible for a male employee to complement the female employee’s appearance? Or vice versa? Intellectual Property Issues 21. What is proprietary information? 22. Are there ethical limits to what the sisters can share with each other about their work? 23. Is it appropriate for an engineer to discuss work matters with family members? 24. How should employees and engineers decide whether to share some of their information from work when they go home? 25. When and why might using unlicensed software be unethical? 26. Is Julie justified in feeling harmed by the fact that some work she did for OUTOCAR was used as a dissertation without giving her credit? Issues for Henry 27. What were the unethical actions of Henry? 28. What, if anything, did Henry do that was ethically laudable? Issues for Laura 29. What were the unethical actions of Laura? 30. What, if anything, did Lara do that was ethically laudable? Issues for Julie 31. What were Julie’s unethical actions? 32. What, if anything, did Julie do that was ethically laudable? 33. As a  new employee, one of the limits to the engineering work that she should perform? Issues for other characters 34. Given that the project was assured for GUIDEME, was it appropriate to assign the OUTOCAR project to Warren and Marty’s team? 35. Could Warren have done anything to swat the chain of unethical actions? How could he have ethically acted with the least residual damage? 36. Which of Barry’s actions were ethical? Unethical? 37. Was Julie treated appropriately by Barry, Warren, and Marty? 38. Was Marty’s treatment of Warren harassment? 39. Should Laura have said something about Marty’s treatment of Warren (like she did about the ogling of Julie)? 40. Which of Jeff’s actions were ethical? Unethical? Privacy Issues 41. Given that biometric information is information about the physical condition or characteristics of individuals, is there a problem with collecting biometric information about individual vehicle drivers and passengers? 42. Does tracking vehicle location cause a violation of privacy? 43. Why might a central computer network be more threatening to individual privacy and information security than a decentralized system? 44. Should individual privacy rights be trumped by the law enforcement and safety benefits to the public from collecting such information? Vice versa? Legal, regulatory, and political issues 45. Should Sen. Bob every accused himself from the investigative committee? If not, why not? Is there anything that he should have done differently as a member of the committee? 46. How does an organization’s cop culture affect how engineers practice? How might it affect dealings with ethical issues? With legal issues? Effective Communications 47. One team meeting is marked by tensions about getting the projector started. Do ethical obligations suffer when the team is dysfunctional? Is some degree of disagreement appropriate? When does conflict become counterproductive? 48. If you were to develop an ethical corporate or  organizational culture, how would you encourage workers to feel comfortable about speaking freely about ethical, safety, and legal issues, and see such discussions as an obligation? 49. What are some standards the leadership of an organization should consider when creating an environment that creates good working and communication conditions? How would you set the appropriate standards? How would you make sure that you have communicated those standards effectively so that people not only understand them but also believe you are serious about them? 50. Two organizations have an obligation to host sensitivity training for their managers and their engineers? 51. What is society taught people about sensitivity training? 52. How can sensitivity training be brought into the organization’s leadership practices? 53. How can sensitivity training be subsumed into the organizations culture? 54. What do you think you would do to promote trust and respect among your colleagues and other professionals in other departments? Safety issues 55. Do accidents just have been or are they caused? 56. Whose responsibility is it to make sure that reasonable care and attention is given to safety? a. The engineer – designer? b. The Department of Transportation employee? c. Anyone who observes the problem? 57. . Did both designs involve an adequate margin of error? 58. Since complete safety is unobtainable and safety comes at a cost, what is a reasonable amount of protection from failure? Making Decisions 59. What would engineering codes of ethics say about Henry’s activities? About Lars? 60. When making final decisions, was Henry trying to meet his ethical obligations within the constraints that he had? 61. What options did Henry have? 62. What options did Lara have? 63. What options they Julie have? 64. What did you have done if you would been: a. Henry? b. Lara? c. Julie? 65. Do you think that you would receive the same degree of criticism from your organization if you violated ethical standard compared to violating or missing a deadline or an objective? 66. Do you put ethical issues on the same level of importance as business objectives? Should you? Important elements of business relationships 67. What is the most critical element of effective relationships? Loyalty? Obedience? Money? Trust? Openness? Candor? Something else? 68. What role should trust play in our professional and personal interactions? 69. What role should candor play in a professional or personal relationship? 70. Would candor imply effective communications? 71. Could you envision one definition of ethics being â€Å"those activities and practices that enhance trust†? Why or why not? 72. Although you will gain many things during a professional career, other things can be taken away from you. Your job could be taken away (and it often is during economic downturns). a. What things can never be taken away, unless you allow them to be? Can your reputation for integrity be taken away? b. List several ways you could protect that reputation. 73. if someone says â€Å" I trust you,† how does this make you feel about the relationship Guidance for the future  In our day-to-day work, we tend to look up to our leaders, supervisors, and/or bosses for guidance and inspiration about how we conduct ourselves. If we imagined that we were the boss, we might ask additional questions. Imagine that you won’t an organization, have all the necessary money, and need to decide what to produce, where to produce it, how to produce it, and how to set up your organization. 74. What specific actions could you take as the boss to make sure that everyone in your organization felt that they should conduct themselves to the highest standards of professional conduct and professional ethics? 75. What specific attributes would you haven’t placing your organization to make sure that happened? 76. What would you do to make sure that everyone in your organization conducted themselves to the highest professional and ethical standards? Would some of the following actions come to mind? a. Clearly define your expectations of  professional/ethical actions b. communicate those expectations effectively and continuously c. Live the standards personally. What people see in actions is what they’re going to believe. d. Create candor and open communication in the environment so that anyone within the organization feels free to bring up and discuss their thoughts, opinions, and ideas, but most of all, they feel free to bring up their concerns, problems, and news, be it good or bad, without fear of suffering some sort of retribution or reprisal.

Compare Bronfenbrenner and Erikson Essay

Lifespan Developments Theories offer explanations of how the individual changes and develops throughout their lifetime. While this objective is constant, the focus of these theories vary. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory adopts an intrapersonal focus, outlining nine age related stages of the life cycle while Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Stage Theory focuses on five socio-cultural stages within which the individual interacts, interpersonally, over time. This essay will focus on both these theories, their implications in the world of adult education, particularly from the perspective of experience within two South Kerry Adult Education Centres and finally the areas where these theories may concur and contrast. Erik Erikson was a Neo-Freudian Psychologist who developed a lifespan theory identifying eight stages of psychosocial human development. As Erikson and his wife, Joan, entered their eightieth decade, they discovered a ninth stage. Joan Erikson completed work on this stage from notes made by her husband before he died and from her own observations. In fact, Erik and Joan Erikson were co-collaborators throughout their years together as evidenced in the following statement, ‘To restate the sequence of psychosocial stages throughout life means to take responsibility for the terms Joan Erikson and I have originally attached to them’(Erikson E.H. cited Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997,p.55). Also, while recounting a trip to Los Angeles where Erik Erikson had been invited to present ‘the stages’ to a group of Psychologists and Psychiatrists, Joan Erikson tells of her uneasiness while they discussed the presentation. At this stage, there were seven stages in their model. ‘In a shocking moment of clarity I saw what was wrong’ (Erikson E.H & Erikson J. 1997 p.3). She had spotted that ‘ We’ were missing and subsequently, they added an eighth stage entitled ‘Generativity vs. Stagnation’. This significant contribution was made by Joan Erikson on the trip to the train station ‘where Erik could catch the Los Angeles train, and then for me to hurry back to home and the children’ (Erikson E.H.& Erikson J. 1997, p.2). Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory holds that personality develops through nine stages across the entire lifespan. ‘Personality can be said to develop according to steps predetermined in the human organism’s readiness to be driven forward, to be aware of and to interact with a widening social radius’ (Erikson 1959 cited Tennant M. 1997 p.33). Each of these stages involves challenges and conflicts which, if successfully resolved, allow the  individual to develop a strength, or virtue which they bring with them into the following stage. If unsuccessfully resolved, the individual proceeds into the next stage not only without this strength but with a corresponding negative element which is likely to impede their progressive de velopment. Erikson refers to these strengths as ‘syntonic elements’ and the negative elements as ‘dystonic elements’. For example, at ‘infancy’ the first stage, age 0-1 years, the conflict or challenge experienced by the individual is ’trust vs. mistrust’. The syntonic element that might result is ‘hope’, the dystonic element is ‘withdrawal’. Erikson explains ‘vs.’ as standing for ‘versus’ and ‘yet also, in the light of their complementarity, for something like â€Å"visa versa†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997, p.55). Erikson does not hold that that an individual’s resolved state should lay at the end of the continuum. ‘’The child also needs to develop some healthy mistrust, such as learning to discriminate between dangerous and safe situations’ (Bee & Boyd 2003, p.258). It is only in experiencing and understanding these opposites such as trust and mistrust that we can develop the relevant strength. At each of these age related stages, the individual is in communication and conflict with a significant psychosocial relationship. Again, for example, at the first stage, Erikson states that this relationship is with the mother. Others are s een in the following chart: Erikson’s psychosocial crisis stages (syntonic v dystonic) Freudian psycho- sexual stages life stage / relationships / issues basic virtue and second named strength (potential positive outcomes from each crisis) maladaptation / malignancy(potential negative outcome – one or the other – from unhelpful experience during each crisis) 1. Trust v Mistrust Oral infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping Hope and Drive Sensory Distortion / Withdrawal 2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt Anal toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking Willpower and Self-Control Impulsivity / Compulsion 3. Initiative v Guilt Phallic preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play Purpose and Direction Ruthlessness / Inhibition 4. Industry v Inferiority Latency schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighbourhood /achievement and accomplishment Competence and Method Narrow Virtuosity / Inertia 5. Identity v Role Confusion Puberty and Genitality adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-up Fidelity and Devotion Fanaticism / Repudiation 6. Intimacy v Isolation (Genitality) young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life Love and Affiliation Promiscuity / Exclusivity 7. Generativity v Stagnation n/a mid-adult / children, community / ‘giving back’, helping, contributing Care and Production Overextension / Rejectivity 8. Integrity v Despair n/a late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievements Wisdom and Renunciation Presumption / Disdain http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm Joan Erikson, reviewing their lifecycle theory (while adding the ninth stage),  notes that the syntonic element is always mentioned first, before the dystonic. Stating that it should be noted that often ‘circumstances may place the dystonic in a more dominant position’ (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997 p. 106). She continues that old age is ‘such a circumstance’. For this reason, in her account of the ninth stage she places the dystonic first i.e. ‘Despair and Disgust vs. Integrity: Wisdom’ (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997, p.106) and recounts a revisiting of all the stages, this time with different virtues emerging (see chart below), ideally culminating in a state of ‘gerotranscendence’. Lars Tornstam defines gerotranscendence as a shift in perspective ‘from a materialistic and rational vision to a more cosmic and transcendence one, normally followed by an incre ase in life satisfaction’ (Tornstam cited Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997, p.123). www.intropsych.com Erikson’s theory highlights the need to provide age appropriate activities for the students. Also, within the field of Youthreach and VTOS programmes, particular attention might be given to stimulating identity exploration in adolescents. For example, within the Fetac Personal and Interpersonal Skills Module, helping the student explore their strengths, aptitudes, learning styles, personality types and through communication with outside agencies, encourage career exploration. Early school leavers, as is evident in one South Kerry Youthreach programme, often have experienced social and educational deprivation and as such are vulnerable to unemployment, depression and the growing number of suicides are always a concern. Very often, a single parent is the sole guardian and this parent is female, as are the majority of teachers and social workers. Positive role models, with whom the young person can identify, have been shown to help in promoting health care in young people. Ã¢â‚¬Ë œLocal role models and peers can also play an important role in actively promoting projects, and have the capacity to allay fears or embarrassment that some young men might feel about getting involved’ (Richardson N, Clarke N. & Fowler C. 2013, p.111). Education centres can organise support from such positive role models. Regarding Erikson’s stage of Young Adulthood, Education Centres provide a social setting where people can meet, communicate and escape the isolation that  often results from unemployment. Adult education provides an opportunity for ‘a kind of self- generation concerned with further identity development’. (Erikson 1998 p.67) Apparent to those involved in this field is the manifestation of ‘care’ and respect that the adult has for their new learning, a virtue sadly missing from the reluctant schoolchild of their yesteryears. As retirement age is forced forward and healthcare education promises longer active lives, there is no reason why adult education should not be available to people into their nineties. What better way to synthesise integrity and despair than using ones wisdom, sharing with others while learning new things. ‘Despair expresses the feeling that time is now s hort, too short for the attempt to start another life and try out alternate roads†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Erikson 1963 cited Erikson E.H.& Erikson J.M. 1997 p.113) Adult education might just offer an ‘alternate road’. Tutors might also integrate older people in the community to come in to the centres to contribute their knowledge. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory is the scientific study of the development of the individual person as they experience the bi-directional influences encountered within the various environments throughout their lifespan. ‘Intelligence and emotion’ have been named as mediators for this development and ‘identity and competence’ has been described as the ‘outcomes’. (Garbarino and Abramowitz, 1992 cited Graham A. 2013, p.32). Two types of risks to positive change are identified. These are ‘direct threats and the absence of opportunities’. (Garbarino and Abramowitz, 1992 cited Graham A. 2013, p.32). These risks can be biological or socio-cultural. There is interplay between these two sources and deficits in one source may be compensated by richness in the other. Bronfenbrenner categorised the environment ‘as a nested arrangement of structures, each contained within the next’. (Bronfenbrenner 1977, p.514 ). Adapting terminology from Brim (1975) Bronfenbrenner names these structures as microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems and chronosystems. Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development (http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/dl/free/0073378585/660384/san78585_c03_0 72_11) A Microsystem is ‘the complex of relations between the developing person and environment in an immediate setting containing that person’ (Bronfenbrenner 1977, p.514). This includes family, friends, neighbours, school and work. The individual’s development is affected by the beliefs, attitudes, temperament and personality of the various people within these settings, but the individual, according to Bronfenbrenner, is not a ‘passive recipient’ but is ‘ someone who helps construct the settings’. (Bronfenbrenner 1977 cited Graham A. 22013, p. 33). The mesosystem ‘comprises the interrelations among major settings containing the developing person at a particular point in his or her life’. (Bronfennbrenner U.1977,p.515). The better interconnected the microsystems, the more consistent the individual’s development is likely to be. The exosystem is an influence system which contain both formal and informal structures ‘which impinge on or encompass the settings in which the developing person in found’ (Sugarman L.1993, p.11). The exosystem is an extension of the mesosystems. This refers to a collection of settings in which the individual does not directly interact but which affect him or her nonetheless. This would include the government, medical system, labour market, mass media and the neighbourhood. Macrosystems, the fourth of Bronfenbrenner’s layers of influence, involves the culture within which the individual lives ‘carried often unwittingly in the minds of the society’s members as ideology made manifest through customs and practice in everyday life’ (Bronfenbrenner U. 1977 p.515). The influence of these customs and beliefs cascade down through all the other systems. The Chronosystem was later added by Bronfenbrenner and is described as a research model that ‘makes possible examining the influence on the person’s development of changes (and continuities) over time in the environments in which the person is living’ (Bronfenbrenner U. 1986a p.724). These changes are sociohistorical and are considered as occurring within the individual and also within the environment. Changes can be ‘normative’ (school, new relationships, getting a job, giving birth) or ‘non-normative’ (divorce, illness, death). In the further education setting, Bronfenbrenner’s theory is useful in  implying the benefits of helping offset risks that may apply to the student, such un-nurturing home environment, poor interpersonal relationships, violence and the absence of opportunities experienced such as lack of education to date, limited skills, poor job opportunities and lack of self- awareness. Creating experiences where the students can develop intellectually and emotionally through the academic programme as well as teamwork, outings, reflective practice and empathy building. Bronfenbrenner stresses the value of the interconnectedness of the microsystems. Within a South Kerry Youthreach programme there is typically very poor connectedness between the education centre, the families and the communities. Open days often have few or no parents attending with perhaps just a few professionals such as guards, social workers and other education officers turning up to appreciate the work on display. Also anecdotal evidence shows very poor awareness of the programme in the community. This centre is working hard at increasing community awareness and mutual rapport by involving students in local charity events, community art exhibitions and development of a work experience programme. Many second chance education students are angry and aware that they have in some way been failed by structures such as government, medical system, labour market, media and the neighbourhood. Awareness of the ‘systems’ can be poor and many adult students lack the confidence and basic literacy skills to investigate and negotiate these systems. ‘The â€Å"dialogue man† is critical and knows that although it is within the power of men to create and transform in a concrete situation of alienation men may be impaired in the use of that power’ (Friere P. 1975 p.63). Modules such as Communications, SPHE, Personal Effectiveness and Personal and Interpersonal Skills should perhaps be regarded as a means of increasing this sense of efficacy and knowledge of the â €˜exosystem’. Also inviting people who hold power within these systems to come in to centres to talk to the students may help break down barriers and increase awareness. Cultural influences affect how we think, feel and act. In one South Kerry Youthreach centre unconscious belief systems are apparent in casual racist comments and career aspirations (childcare and hairdressing for girls, construction and mechanics for boys) or in some cases, no aspirations of employment at all in keeping with family history. A more privileged young person might perceive good group participation as a positive aspiration.  However, in one South Kerry Youthreach programme it is reported that during initial interviews, prospective students, when asked how they might ‘get on’ in a group situation tend to perceive this question as ‘are you a trouble-maker?’ and answer that they intend to ignore everyone in the group and just mind their own business believing this to be the ‘correct’ answer. The work of educators here might entail helping to create positive group experience and also help to open doors that might enrich the individualà ¢â‚¬â„¢s life, create an atmosphere of curiosity and questioning of beliefs, values and culture and introduce positive and varied role models. Overtime, many changes effect the development of the individual. This time factor may be within a lifetime, or spanning decades. Often it is a non-normative change such as marital breakdown, redundancy or recovery from illness that forces a re-evaluation and brings a person back to education. Helping the individual cope with change by creating opportunities for new identities and competencies is the work required here. Erikson and Bronfenbrenner, both psychologists, have examined the development of the individual over their lifespan. Although Erickson organises his theory in terms of age related stages, and Bronfenbrenner in systems, neither theorist attempts to explain change and development in terms of age only. All life stage theorists look at the processes that bring about these changes and as Sugarman points out ‘’What we can say about change is determined by our research design – that is, what we choose to measure, how and why’. (Sugarman L. 1986, p.13). Erikson’s research design studies intrapersonal changes in the individual and explains that these changes occur within particular chronological age groupings, within particular social settings as a result of the resolution of tensions experienced. However, Bronfenbrenner on the other hand takes a wider socio-cultural view and has researched the changes occurring in the individual within the many ‘settin gs’, within the many systems in which the individual interacts. He categorised the environment as as consisting of ‘interrelated and nested structures’ (Jordan A., Carlisle O., & Stack A, 2008, p.82). Unlike Erikson, Bonfenbrenner has been criticised for paying too little attention to biological and cognitive factors although he expanded his theory to a bioecological theory later on. Erikson represents the individual’s  development as ‘ordered’ and linear whereas Bronfenbrenner’s perspective is one of ‘random’ and multidirectional development. It would, however, be unfair to suggest that Erikson did not take account of the various social and cultural influences that Bronfenbrenner focused on, hence his ‘Psychosocial Theory’ . Joan Erikson states that her husband always held that ‘the individual and society are intricately woven’ (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J, 1997, p.114). He attributes psychosocial manifestations to each of his stages and also describes the processes and experiences of the ‘soma’, the ‘psyche’ and the ‘ethos’. (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J, 1997, p.25). However, he has not ‘explicated this aspect of his theory as fully as he did the stages of individual development’. (Sugarman L. 1986 p.84). Erikson defines these social influences quite precisely as the individual’s ‘radius of significant relations’ whereas Bronfenbrenners theory allows for a more individually tailored, contextual approach. Both Erikson and Bronfenbrenner were active into their eightieth decade and remained engaged in critical reflection of their work. Erikson worked on the blueprint for his ninth stage and in 1994, Uri Bronfenbrenner renamed his theory â€Å"bioecological systems theory† to emphasize that a ‘child’s own biology is a primary environment fuelling her developmentâ₠¬â„¢(http://www.cmskids.com/providers/early_steps/training/documents/bronfenbrenners_ecological.pdf.) While Erikson’s writing is artistic and literary, Bronfenbrenner’s is scientific and at times political. Bronfenbrenner advocated experimentation in a ‘real’ setting as opposed to the traditional laboratory approach, although he did not dispense with the latter as being of use and alludes to ‘the as yet unexploited power of the laboratory as an ecological contrast’. (Bronfenbrenner 1977, p.514) At the centre of both these theories is the individual. These are not opposing theories but two perspectives in search of a similar understanding. Bronfenbrenner himself make this clear ‘A variety of approaches are needed if we are to make progress toward the ultimate goal of understanding human development in context’ (Bronfenbrenner 1977 p.529). Bibliography Bee H., & Boyd D. ( 2003). The Developing Child, 10th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Bronfenbrenner U. (1977). Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development [Electronic version]. American Psychologist, 32, 513-531. Bronfenbrenner U. (1986). Ecology of the Family as a Context for Human Development: Research Perspectives {Electronic version]. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742. Erikson E.H. (1950). Childhood and Society. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. Erikson E.H., & Erikson J.M. (1997). The Life Cycle Completed, extended version. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. Friere P. (1975). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. Graham A. (2012). Psychology of Adult Learning, WIT, 26th March, 2012, Tralee Jordan A., Carlile O., & Stack A. (2008). Approaches to Learning: a Guide for Teachers. Berkshire: Open University Press. Richardson N., Clarke N., & Fowler C. (2013). A Report on the All-Ireland Young Men and Suicide Project. Ireland: Men’s Health Forum in Ireland. Sugarman L. (1986). Life-Span Development: Concepts, Theories and Interventions. London: Routledge. Tennant M. (1997). Psychology & Adult Learning. London: Routledge. Module: Psychology of Adult Learning Level 6 Title: Compare and contrast Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development with Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological model of Development

American Involvment in World War I Essay Example for Free

American Involvment in World War I Essay This investigation assesses American involvement in World War I before military intervention, and how this led to military intervention. In order to assess these causes, one must examine America’s involvement in the war before combat, the events that launched America’s military intervention in the war, American sentiments about the war before military intervention, and Woodrow Wilson’s actions before the war. Two sources used in the essay, America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience by Robert H.   Ziegler and Woodrow Wilson’s speech to congress on April 2nd, 1917 are evaluated for their origins, values, purposes and limitations. The investigation does not asses the pre-war situations of any countries but the United States, and does not asses American military involvement during the First World War Summary Of Evidence Prior to 1917, America was already deeply involved in the First World War, though they did not have troops fighting in the trenches overseas. First, American involvement in the war was purely as a producer and creditor to the Allied Powers. The war, while catastrophic for the countries involved in its atrophied trench battles, provided America with an astronomical boost to its economy, from 2 billion dollars in exported materials in 1913 to nearly 6 billion dollars in exports in 1916. This economic boom was mainly brought on by Britain’s dependency on American foodstuffs and manufactured goods.. The economic ties between America and Britain tightened with public subscription loans. By 1917, Britain had borrowed 2. 7 billion dollars from American creditors. Historian Paul Koistinen wrote â€Å"Without American supplies, Britain could not continue the war; without American financing of almost 10$ million a day †¦ Britain would exhaust its reserves of gold and securities by March 1917. Its dependence was total. Cutting back procurement . . . would produce disaster in England† Originally, America did nothing but reap the reward of â€Å"neutrality†. When Americas turned their eyes to the stage of war in Europe, they were truly terrified. One Chicago newspaper joked â€Å"A hearty vote of thanks to Columbus for having discovered America†. This sentiment was echoed by many American citizens, who showed pride in President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to declare America a neutral state in the war. Americans thoughts on the war lied in their bloodlines, as a majority of Americans were descendants from either Allied or Central Powers nations. Most Americans, early in the war at least, didn’t understand the war or why it was being fought, and were glad that America wasn’t involved. However, these robust Anti-Involvement sentiments began to fade after May 7 1915, the day of the Lusitania crisis. German U-Boats torpedoed and sunk a passenger liner in British waters, killing nearly 1,200 civilians, including 128 American citizens. The murder of these innocents set off the first widespread pro war feelings in Americans. This outrage was justified, but was also heightened by yellow journalism that demonized Germans as barbarians and deranged killers. President Woodrow Wilson, taking note of this event and the outrage it caused, warned the Germans that any further violation of American rights would result in â€Å"Strict Accountability† for these actions. This, as well as the bloody war dragging on in Europe, brought up the question of military preparedness in the United States. By 1916, pro-preparedness sentiment was widespread, as 135,000 supporters of expanding the military marched on New York City’s 5th Avenue, for 12 hours. In Chicago, 130,000 telephone operators moved in the shape of an American flag, goose-stepping down State Street. In the election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson ran against Charles E. Hughes, who was backed by Theodore Roosevelt, former president and staunch Allied Powers supporter, as well as an advocate for military preparedness. Woodrow Wilson won the election by only about 600,000 popular votes. However, these sentiments were met with an equally strong anti-militarism force, saying that in a chaotic world, America must be a beacon and resist entrance into war, and resist building an enormous military. Strong anti-militaristic sentiments began to fade when British intelligence officers intercepted a telegram sent from Foreign Secretary of the German Empire Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador of Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. This infamous proposal, known as the Zimmermann note, proposed that Mexico wage war against the United States. Throughout America’s neutrality in World War 1, President Wilson had acted as a mediator, but with tension building to a terminal level and with the Zimmermann note, Wilson was forced to ask congress to bolster America’s military forces on April 2nd 1917. Later in the same year, America sent its first military forces oversees Evaluation Of Sources Robert H Zieger: America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience Origins- (2000) Zieger is a respected labor historian Purpose- Provides an in-depth look at American involvement in the war. Value- The economic statistics and quotations from various primary and secondary sources allow the reader to evaluate the validity of the claims Zieger makes. Limitations- does not provide any new opinions or claims Woodrow Wilson, April 2nd 1917 to congress to persuade congress to bring the United States Origin- German hostile actions towards the United States Purpose- Persuade congress to declare war on Germany and the Central Powers Value- clearly outlined Wilson’s reason’s for entering war Limitations- doesn’t explain the underlying causes of military intervention or pressure from big business to declare war for entry  Analysis America’s involvement in World War One began with producing vital weapons and foodstuffs for the Allied Powers, as well as economically supporting the Allied nation’s governments. Throughout the war, the German Empire repeatedly acted belligerently towards the neutral United States, sinking passenger lines, killing Amer ican civilians. Tension with Germany also rose after the proposal to Mexico asking the Mexican army to wage war on the United States. These belligerent German acts, however, would not have held as much effect as they did if American political opinions had not been shifted by the German actions, the economic pressure of close ties to the Allied nations, or social pressure brought along by shifting political attitudes. These all contributed to tensions growing regarding American military involvement I World War One President Woodrow Wilson was a stalwart proponent of American neutrality in the First World War for the almost all of the war, but the American political climate at the time forced his hand.. He was able to win this election because most voters at the time had pro-neutrality sentiments. However, Wilson took into account his slim margin of victory, and the Republican’s yearning for a prepared military. These yearnings were brought on mainly by the Lusitania sinking. A major proponent for intervention, the previously mentioned Theodore Roosevelt, denounced these acts of the German Empire as acts of piracy. Roosevelt’s popularity made these statements extremely well heard. This shift in public opinion helped force President Wilson’s hand. America’s involvement in World War One before it entry in combat was extremely vital, producing millions of dollars’ worth of material for Britain and France, as well as financing the war through small loans. This dependency was built by J. P Morgan, who traded nearly 3 billion dollars’ worth of goods with the allied powers. By 1917, America had invested 2. 7 billion dollars in Britain alone. Historian Paul Koistinen’s quote regarding British dependency on American trade shows how deeply entrenched America was with the war’s affairs pre involvement. These statistics show that the allied powers were completely dependent on American economic support American corporations had an immense amount of wealth in the war, and if they Allied powers lost the war, all of their investments would be worth nothing, because the countries that had been responsible for repaying these debts would no longer exist. The war was taking a detrimental toll on the populations of the warring nations, and the war was almost completely atrophied. It was only a matter of time before one side lost, and it was essential to American business that it was the Allied Powers. Had the allied powers lost to the central powers, American financers would have lost 2. 7 billion dollars as a whole, 2. 7 billion dollars that were needed to give to American business, 2. 7 billion dollars that banks needed to stay in business. Throughout pre-involvement America, as early as the dawn of the war, so called â€Å"hyphenated Americans†, had opinions on what side of the war to support, dependent on their country of origin. German-Americans, the largest ethnic group at the time , supported what they thought of as their motherland, Germany, therefore supported the Central Powers. The second largest ethnic group, Irish-Americans, saw Great Britain as an oppressor, therefore were also supporters of the central powers. However, most Americans at the time were still pro-neutrality. A Chicago newspaper, expressing thanks to Columbus, wrote an article on the blessing of the Atlantic Ocean. This was a popular sentiment at the time, and many Americans were proud of Wilson’s decision to be neutral. After the sinking of American ocean liner Lusitania the support of neutrality began to fade. Before the Lusitania disaster, however, 92 ships had been sunken by aggressive German action. None of these attacks had gained as much publicity, partially due to the fact that the previous sinking’s hadn’t been as destructive. But this was also due to the fact that the Lusitania sinking was grabbed onto by yellow journalists. â€Å"The blood of these murdered victims cries for vengeance. If that cry is unheard, the people of the United States will always bear upon them the stigma of the greatest humiliation ever put upon a nation. Writes a reporter from the Toronto Telegram. President Wilson demanded that German U-Boats stop sinking civilian liners, and if they continued to do so, they would be met with military retaliation. This didn’t stop Germans from sinking boats, and Wilson’s failure to take action against them infuriated Americans. Observing the protests in American cities at the time, one can judge that huge masses of people were strongly in favo r of interventionism. The process of the American military joining the Allied Powers seemed inevitable from the start of the war, but still took hostile action and over reaction to spark military involvement. America’s pre-war economic ties to Europe and America’s reliance on trade with these nations during the war made America’s involvement with these nations too deep to let them lose the war, therefore forcing combat. Woodrow Wilson’s strong stance on neutrality couldn’t stand up to the enormous pressure he faced from the people of the United States. American Involvment in World War I. (2016, Sep 14). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

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Degree in a Language Other than Ones Mother Tongue Article

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Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic Management - Essay Example Apart from being the most successful retail stores globally, it has been a model among many top-level companies. Walmart has consolidated a significant part of the market share, and has a wide business that offers a significant extent of business to suppliers and manufacturers giving the company an edge over suppliers (Vance & Roy 1994). The retail store has overcome turbulent periods beating the competitive chain-store market since its inception by sticking to its mission, vision, objectives and goals (See Appendix: Figure 6). Nevertheless, its competitiveness is has been threatened by the emerging e-commerce resellers such as Amazon (Wohlsen 2013) On the other hand, Age UK operates in a conspicuously competitive market namely financial, retail markets and conventional fundraising. The current uncertain economic climate in the UK has affected the company’s financial position due to decreased funding from the government (See Appendix: Figure 6). This has prompted it to focus m ore on the high donations that is attributable to the increasingly high pressure on the aging population and the local partners (Bowman & Faulkner 1997). The paper concludes that even as Wal-Mart and Age UK are both enterprises with almost similar strategies, they are confronted by different challenges that have prompted them to diversify their strategies to maintain their market share, extend geographical frontier through acquisitions and organic growths (Age UK 2011). Faced by the imminent threat from online retail stores, Wal-Mart, which is unceasingly in pursuit of horizontal, vertical and geographical expansion by pushing for technology applications as an integral part of its strategy. The company has trampled on its competitors through its supremacy in inventory management and supply-chain logistics. Age UK on the other hand hopes to expand geographically through venturing further to cover disasters. Additionally, even as Age UK has launched a new radio station and increased f inancial services offerings to its customers, Wal-Mart anticipates its online strategy to contribute further to the bottom line (Wohlsen 2013). This paper recommends that if Wal-Mart has to keep up with the viciously competitive reselling industry, it must pay its workers well to avert the prevalent strikes to restore its public image, it should also leverage on its financial background to increase global presence. It should also branch out to new sectors including pharmacies, warehousing, automotive repair and grocery sale. Additionally, it should take an innovative approach in reselling and venture further into online retailing. Conversely, Age UK should invest in expanding its direct and financial services to support retain fundraising. It should also improve its information dissemination from its partners into their CRM system (Age UK 2011). Walmart’s Strategic Positioning Strategic positioning includes showing an organisation’s current positions in the marketplace . This helps understand the approaches both organisations have adopted (Hitt et al 2007). Walmart is the world’s largest retailer, one of the biggest corporations as well as the largest employer. The company has unique business models that are accustomed to the

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Done by: Habib Iscandar Hinn Friends Boys School June 22, 2007 To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Introduction: The major product of the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone is t-butyl alcohol, with a small amount of isobutylene being formed as a by product And this is with accordance of first order kinetic and suggests a two step mechanism in which the rate determining step consists of the ionization of t-butyl chloride, and in this mechanism a carbonium ion is formed as inter- mediate and this bonds immediately to near by nucleophile (in this case nucleophile is a neutral molecule) the initial product is t-butyl carbonium ion. Note1: if the nucleophile is neutral the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it So chemists have proposed to general types of mechanism: 1- Nucleophilic substitution Sn1 The ionization step in a Sn1 reaction is endothermic and much slower than the exothermic neutralization of carbonium ion by a nucleophile. And so the rate determining step being the unimolecular ionization of the t-butyl chloride equation 4, and as a result, the overall rate of reaction is not affected by changes in the concentration or kinds of nucleophilic reagents present. Note2: the factor which determines the mechanisms employed is typically the nature of the substrate it self and not the particular nucleophile Note3: if the sum of the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactant the reaction is exothermic, and if the product have higher energy than the reactant the reaction is endothermic. 2- Elimination E1 (elimination unimolecular) And because t-butyl chloride acts as a Lewis acid (an electrophile) and combines with a nucleophile to give a substitution product, so the major product of the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water-acetone solvent is t-butyl alcohol. (Note4: electrophile: an electron deficient atom, ion or molecule that as affinity for an electron pair, and will bond to a base or nucleophile.) (Note5 : nucleophile: and atom, ion , or molecule that has an electron pair that may be donated in forming covalent bond to an electerophile.) Evaluating the mechanism: The only reactant that is undergoing change in the rate determining step is t-butyl chloride and so such reactions is a unimolecular and follow a first order equation (Sn1, E1). This means that the rate of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of t- butyl chloride. And since nucleophilic only participate in the fast second step, so their relative molar concentrations rather than their nucleiophilities are the primary product determining factor, and by using nucleophilic solvent like water, so its high concentration will assure that alcohols are the major product, and because water have a high dielectric constant (e=81) so water molecule tend to orient them-selves in such a way as to decrease the electrostatic forces between ions. And an important factor is the salvations which refer to water molecules ability stabilize ions by encasing them in a sheath of weakly bonded solvent molecules: 1- Anions are solvated by hydrogen bonding, 2- Cations are solvated by nucleophilic sites on water molecule (oxygen). And in this case of t-butyl carbonium ion the nucleophiles form strong covalent bond to carbon and converting the intermediate to a substitution product. The reaction mechanism is a sequential account of each transition state and intermediate in a total reaction, the over all rate of reaction is determined by the transition state of highest energy in the sequence, so the rate determining step is the rate determining step for both the Sn1 and E1 for t butyl chloride. (Note 6: the water soluble organic solvent acetone is used to keep a reasonable concentration of t-butyl chloride in solution) The balance equation for t-butyl chloride solvolysis in water-acetone solvent is: The effect of concentration on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in 70 %water 30 %acetone solvent. As the reaction proceeds the solution becomes increasingly acidic until all of the t -butyl chloride has reacted and all HCl that can form has formed. So we will monitor the reaction by allowing HCl formed to neutralize a predetermined amount of NaOH. An indicator dye (bromo-phenol blue) will change color when the NaOH has been neutralized, and clocking of the reaction should begin at the instant. So according to kinetic measurements: Rate of reaction = K [t butyl chloride] Where K is the specific rate constant in S -1 and [t butyl chloride] is the concentration of t-butyl chloride in M. Our kinetic measurement will depend on the determination of the amount of HCl produced by the reaction, so by monitoring the color change of the acid base indicator, we will determine the time required for 10% of t-butyl chloride to hydrolyze by having 10 % as much NaOH present as T-butyl chloride. Rate = d [Rcl] dt ; Where Rcl = -dt [Rcl] = K [Rcl] dt Rearranging, d [Rcl] = -K dt [Rcl] And integrating for t=0 to t=t will give; = Ln [Rcl] t Ln [Rcl] 0 = Kt 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t Where [Rcl] 0: is the molar concentration at time t = 0 [Rcl] t: is the molar concentration at time t = t Two methods to calculate K 1- since the equation Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 [Rcl] t Is an equation of a straight line (y=mx+b) with slope k. and intercept =0, a plot of 2.303 log [Rcl] 0 / [Rcl] t versus t should yield a straight line with slope k. 2- if the solvolysis reaction run to 10% completion Then, [Rcl] = 0.90 [Rcl] 0 Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = 2.303 log (1.11) 0.90 [Rcl] 0 And therefore, K = 0.104 T So by finding the value of K and compensate it in the rate of reaction equation Rate = K[Rcl] where the concentration of Rcl is known we can calculate the value of the rate of reaction and we will see its effect on the solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70% water 30 % acetone solution. The effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. In nearly every instance an increase in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction, because the total fraction of all of the t butyl chloride 1molecules having energies equal to or greater than activation energy (Ea) Corresponds to the shaded portion of the area under the curve increases by increasing the temperature and by comparing the area for two different temperature, we see that the total fraction of t- butyl chloride molecules with sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction increases with increasing temperature and consequently, so does the reaction rate. Note7: changing the concentration affects the rate of reaction changing the temperature affects the rate constant as well as the rate. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Quantitatively, K (s-1) is related to Ea and T by the equation K1 = Ae-Ea/RT1 1 Ea is the activation energy, in joule / mole. (Jmol-1) A is a proportionality constant, in s-1 R is the gas constant = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1 e is the base of the natural logarithms. T is temperature in Kelvin. This relation ship is known as Arrhenius equation We measure Ea by taking the natural logarithm of eq.1 Ln K = ln A Ea RT Thus, a plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line whose slope is equal to -Ea/R and whose intercept with coordinate is ln A Note8: Ea is the activation energy, a constant characteristic of the reaction We can calculate the rate constant at some specific temperature if Ea and K at some other temperature are known. For any temp. T1 (known), Ea (known), K1 (known) K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 For any other T2 (known); (K2 unknown) K2 = A e -Ea/RT2 By dividing K1 over K2 K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 K2 A e -Ea/RT2 Taking natural logarithm of both sides, we get Ln K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1). K2 R Or in common logarithms (base 10 logarithms) gives: Log K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1) K2 2.303 R And by finding the value of K2 we will be able to find the rate of reaction at T2 and we will find the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone solution. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of concentration and temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Procedure: Part A: the effect of concentration on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of Bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. A, a, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.2 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. A, b, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. Part B: the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at zero Celsius degree. B, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. B, a, II:- 1- Suspend the Erlenmeyer flasks in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the Erlenmeyer flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes. 2- Adding quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in Erlenmeyer flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the solution after that will become blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stop watch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at a temperature greater than room temperature by ten degrees. B, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette put 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 7- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. B, b, II:- 1- Suspend the flasks #3 and #4 in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes.(to reach the temperature of the water bath) 2- Adding quickly the solution in flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stopwatch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. Record A Run number Temperature Time of 10 % reaction Average time / seconds Record B Run number Temperature Time required for 10% reaction Average time/seconds Average time/ seconds References; * E. Brady, James. E. Humiston, Gerard., General Chemistry Principles and Structure, second edition, SI version, john Willy and sons, Inc. * Brewester, Vaderwerf and McEwen. Unitized Experiments in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. * Streitwieser, Andrew. H. Heathcock, Clayton. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * H. Reusch, William. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * J. Laidler, Keith. Chemical kinetics. 2nd ed. * Search engines that where used: o www.google.com o www.yahoo.com * Goldwhite, Harold. R. Spielman, John. College Chemistry, 1984

Health Care Delivery Systems Essay Example for Free

Health Care Delivery Systems Essay Abstract The American health care system is designed to focus on the organizations of individuals, places, and to treat and prevent adequate health care for the target populations. The federal government conducts an immense portion of delivering health care systems in our world today. The purpose for health care delivery systems is to provide financial tangible benefits and provide health care services for the population and institutions. The results showed for the support of the hypothesis is elaborating in the importance of different health care delivery systems and the purpose in how they are utilized in today’s health reform. Running Head: Health Care Delivery Systems Essay Health Care Delivery Systems Health care systems engage the initial contact of people and it is the foundation of primary health care. In order to receive primary health care it begins with providing a service to families, people, and communities through health professionals and their teams. The Health care delivery systems is involved with a proactive method to prevent health issues and to better ensure the organization and to investigate once a health issue has transpired. In addition, these type of services are publicly funded from general tax revenues without direct charges to the patient (Health Canada, 2011). The most two similar forms of health care delivery systems is managed care systems ex. (HMO) and fee for service (FFS). The fee for service plan is generally called Traditional Indemnity (Website 101, 2009). Fee for service offers flexible measures for the exchange of drastically high out of pocket expenses, it also requires a substantial amount of paperwork and premiums are high. Furthermore, some advantages are having the privilege in selecting hospitals and physicians of your own, and having the opportunity in receiving treatment from a specialist without a primary doctor referral. The disadvantages are high deductibles and the patient is responsible of paying twenty percent and the physicians are obligated to reimburse eighty percent of the expensive. Also, fee for service solely pays for â€Å"reasonable  and customary† health issues (website, 101). Doctors may have a different medical fee opposed to other areas, and the patients are obligated to pay their portion that is instated in health plan coverage. However, HMO is the less expensive and less flexible of all medical coverage’s. The advantages are consist of less paperwork and low copayments. It provides for a portion of improvement health preventive care plans. Unfortunately, there is disadvantages that the health care holder will experience with in choosing a PCP which is a primary care physician, and the HMO plan only accepts a network of their physicians or they will not stand up to the obligation of their financial transaction argument. In addition, in order for the client to see a specialist they must obtain a referral from their PCP. The expression Alternative Delivery Systems is created to entail all techniques of health care delivery systems barring acceptable fee-for-service and private practice like IPAs, PPOs, HMOs, and all other health care systems that provide health care of who conducts organized care systems. (http://aspe.hhs.gov/Progsys/forum/mcobib.htm). For example, Managed Care is a health care delivery system that merges payment and the delivery. It also accesses the use of treatments by engaging organization strategies creating to enhance the growth of cost-effective in the delivery of health care. Managed health care plan is a system that assimilates any management with in accordance of finance that delivers health care services of the covered population. In contrast, PPO also known Preferred Provider Organization is the delivery system that commits with medical care providers who gives discounted fees to clients. Nevertheless, clients have the opportunity to give health care to participants who are not members but can potentially become financial penalized due to any action of seeking out side providers and face consequences of not receiving discount and any deductibles of one’s health care plan and copayments. Goals of Health Care Delivery Systems. The reason HMO’s are unique because they prepaid and they are managed care systems that initially were health care alternative to fee-for-service health care. There goals is to obtain affordable and comprehensive health care coverage. This plan is conducted in advance by the option of a fixed fee from all members. Moreover, HMO delivers minimal cost for medical services that are needed for patients, and this health plan is responsible  in conducting the deliver and finance portion of the medical health care services. They also arrange to provide the essential medical care which includes the benefit packages. Prepaid Health Plans (PHP) is known to help make quality health care affordable for groups of people, including farmers, blue collar workers and their families† (Ahern, 2007) . In contrast, the traditional health care insurance only funds health coverage for hospital visits, and enrolled insures that receive health coverage in prepaid plans is charged a predetermined for acute and preventive health care from doctors who work in hospitals. As for PPOs, their health care philosophy originally was to create simple concepts in delivering health care services to large groups with lower rates in order to substantially gain a business development for their management. To emphasize, insures can select their own physician’s however penalties can potentially occur if they are not with the network. This form of health coverage is engaged in receiving adequate power with lower health care prices for their clients in the standing of the dense health care system in America. The fee for service (FFS) is ultimately focusing in creating options to approach paid private insurances to gain more control relating with time and the forms of treatment. FFS is designed to reflect on an ideal perspective for private health care plans, instead of government-administered pricing and giving proper recognition in private health care plans that can utilize health care organizations productively. This method will enhance quality and proficie ncy in delivering a regenerated approach in the health care industry (Nicolas, O’ Malley, 2007). Mission Statement If I had full control of conducting a health care delivery system I would focus in offering health care insurance for businesses, government organizations, people, families, groups, and schools. Also, I feel flexibility is significant for the process of selecting your own choice of primary doctors in the same network and receive great service with affordable payments. The health care delivery system will project and promote exceptional quality health care service is the HMO plan. This health plan will contribute in supporting by over exceeding expectations of all parties which includes employees, communities, work force, stake holders, investors, and customers.

Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs

Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs Private Members Golf Clubs: the Need to Compete in an Increasingly More Commercial Environment. The world learns through experience, but living in an image-conscious world may prevent one from learning through his experiences. This is apparently a dilemma considering the fact that one lives in an age of post modernism; a stage during which signs mask reality, and one is often deceived through image-promoting strategies. This is true to say because of the fact that signs, logos and big names are now common, and people are often lured into believing the authenticity of different products because of the promotions they have. Consumer behaviour is considerably dependent on promotion of products; the manner in which products are promoted directly influences customer behaviour. Each medium used for promotion has its own impact, and the one that is believed to have a tremendous impact is the Internet. It is believed to boost promotions and sales greatly, and it helps customers in their first step before actually checking a car out. It is through the advertisements on line that they may be attracted and then move towards checking a vehicle out physically at a show room. It is this behaviour that has helped boost the automotive industry significantly. In fact it must be asserted that prior to globalization, consumer behaviour was observed as having a major effect on the development of nations. This is because it helps boost the economy internally as well as having its impact externally. Prior to the 1940s and 1950s, there was no such aim because of the fact that there were many problems that the country was faced with internally. Socially there were different levels on which the UK had to bring the people together. And perhaps during that time no one had come up with such an idea to divert the attention of the people, which occurred during the 1950s. From this era began to the shift towards an improved way of life that would take the country into an entirely different era. This era today is called globalization, a phenomenon that brought many parts of the world together through faster communication systems. Globalization has in fact resulted due to the fact that communication systems have been boosted in recent years. This is also the reason why the present age that people live in is called ‘the age of communication’. The world in which one lives today is indeed a fast-paced one. This fast-paced environment has evolved because of various actions, each of them interacting and producing a variety of results, and creating effects that favour the current situations today. This may all sound complex, but in truth, it may be simply described as a vast number of actions causing a very situation that one witnesses today. This complex situation does not mean that there is total chaos because there is infect an organized system in place. This organized system is one that helps many countries stay in contact with each other. However, the system is not one that favours friendship, but actually focuses on economic gains; countries are motivated in this system to work towards their own gain. They stay in touch with each other for the purpose of suiting their own needs. It is obvious that they would not do things one charitable basis for another country when they could actually invest time and money in bettering their own conditions. Due to the availability of the Internet, countries are able to remain in close touch and trade easily. Online communications have facilitated countries well enough in order to raise their standards of living, and it is on the basis of this tat many people have turned their lives around. Aside from the globalized environment within which one may operate with the help of the Internet, it must be asserted that there are also other means of keeping in touch with other countries. Transportation for one is an important means of remaining in touch and working with other people. In view of this, it must be asserted that the businesses and other operations can be enhanced this way. With speedy communication on their side, a business has better scope of advancing. It must be realized that competition is facilitated well in the global system, and the globalized features aid countries in participating indifferent kinds of competition whether it is business, sports or admixture of the two. In view of sports and business in the form of admixture, it must be asserted that there is great focus on the business part of the mixture. Without this greater emphasis, the sport will not survive at the international level. One may take any sport into consideration here. Soccer for example, as it has a great deal of finance involved in it. Players are highly paid these days, and their reputations are at high-stake because of these high fees they are paid. In addition to this there is the international attention drawn, which in a way causes more stress, but also helps the financial part of the (sports) business. Other sports also have similar features in their business environment. Cricket is another example, and this game is still believed to be in its infancy as far as the financial aspect is considered. Having asserted that sports such as cricket and football are sports that have strong business sides to them, there are other sports that are believed to have similar scope. One example is golf; this is a prestigious and dignified game that has the potential of earning much more than others sports. In its current condition, it is doing well, and players at the professional level are paid well too. However, there is more scope, and considering expansion of this game, it must be asserted that more players can be encompassed globally; they may be paid well and therefore their talents may not go undiscovered or wasted. Considering this, it is important to consider the importance of including players from various levels. Private clubs is a great place to begin. This is because there is so much undiscovered talent within these clubs. Often, there are players with immense experience who pass most of their lives without being given a chance to prove themselves at the professional level. It is thought that if these individuals are somehow exposed through better organizational arrangement, both golf from private clubs as well as the players, will benefit. The popularity of the game would increase and there would be more people participating in it. This in turn means that there would naturally be greater competition. Abstract: Competition is considered to be a great way of promoting a sport or anything that demands the participation of more than one person. Competition is believed to be the best means of earning in the financial world. Aside from the financial part of the arrangement, there is also the reputation of an activity that comes into play. It must be asserted that there is immense scope for both popularity and financial gain through competitive environments, and the same thing applies to golf at the private golf club level. In a competitive environment regarding sports today, it must be asserted that there is marketing and promotional strategies are important. Proper management is another important aspect that comes into play, and it is known that sports at the international level cannot survive without it. There are various aspects that come into the managerial tactics as well, and these all have their levels of success depending on the conditions and the market targeted. Also, in view of marketing, promotion and management of sports at the International or professional level it must be asserted that the strategies are similar to handling other kinds of business. Making use of these strategies in sports promotion is believed to be beneficial for the game as well as players and the countries they come from. Therefore, competing in a more commercial environment is important for sports like golf too, and their private clubs may compete in such environments in order to popularize the game, pay the players well and earn greater revenue especially where the game is hosted. Methodology: In order to achieve as much information about sports and managing sports in a competitive environment, detailed research has to be conducted and analysed. In addition to researching information on sports and managing sports, there is need to understand the chances of succeeding in a commercial environment. When it comes to promoting sport that is not as popular as cricket or football, there is a great deal that needs to be reviewed and understood. There are many things that need to be taken into consideration including risks and chances of success. It is through reviewing pertinent literature and applying it to golf and its current position that would help to give one an idea of what future it could possibly have. Also, studying typical managerial plans and theories reveal the extent to which sports promotion is influenced by them. Some of these theories and strategies could easily apply to promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Aside from these internal methods of studying the promotion of golf in a more commercial environment, there are also external ones. In addition to reviewing pertinent literature, there is also a need to consider and understand the environmental factors. This refers to the external conditions that may influence the success or failure of promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Analysing both the external and internal influences would help one to observe the chances of success along with the need to go ahead and dose. It is important to promote golf in a more commercial environment because of the fact that there is plenty of scope to do so. Like other international and popular sports golf may be promoted in a more commercial environment through proper management strategies. In asserting this, it must be emphasized that there is a great deal to gain from its promotion, as the sport, the participants and those that host the events gain tremendously. Literature Review Theory: The manner in which a sport or any other kind of activity is promoted directly affects it. Hence there is a need for management to be aware of what it has in its plans for promotion. This strongly refers to the environments created as well as the tactics used. To begin with, leadership in this regard is most important, as it can determine the success or failure of promotion to a great extent. The world has reached a stage at which everything is close-knit. There are several bodies and structures that interact with each other that appear to be systematic. Globalization for instance is something has many countries, organizations and institutions operating together. Each of the components in the globalization process exists for its self and is self-driven, yet the system functions. In this regard, one might assert that markets of different types and sizes function in a similar manner. The motive industry is an example with its visible effects. Consumers are actively participating in the industry activity, making it an increasingly viable one for people to invest in. The services and products are known to be quite reliable with an immense amount interesting them. In recent years this has been the case and in time to come it’s expected that there is going to be even more interest in particular industries. Systems of control are ones that need to be in place so that processes remain in view and are understand completely. This is a necessary step in any commercial line because it helps management know what exactly is going on in a particular organization. Indeed, the management needs to know what is going on in order to manage their businesses more effectively. In simple terms, the more knowledge that one has of his other company, the more likely s/he is to take appropriate measures for future betterment. As opposed to this, when the management does not know what exactly is going on it becomes difficult for them to take decisions. This is because they do not know whether the decisions they take will have adverse effects on their organization. In view of this, it is considered most important that the management knows and understands processes thoroughly. In order to make sure that they know what is going on they have to have some kind of system in place that would cater to their needs. When it comes to managing a company more effectively, it must be asserted that there is need to recognize particular activity. Developing such a system would be of immense use, and if implemented successfully, a company would be able to trace out organizational activity in every respect and measure the economic impact that each of these actions has. In view of this, management models may be implemented to determine cost values for particular activity within a company. There are several methods that might be employed to do this, and each has its own level of credibility. Newer methods of handling anything are introduced in order to produce intended effects that are better than previous ones. People would not persist with newer systems if they believed that they were not effective and profitable. Older systems that are overshadowed cannot be brought back if newer systems are more effective. In this regard, if answer system takes time for people to adjust to, plans are developed in order to make sure that they are ameliorated in order to make use of them to their maximum potential. Indeed, there are several newer systems being employed in various fields. These fields need to overview and understand what these systems are in order to appreciate their benefits. In understanding thee benefits, the basic principles on which they function need to be assessed. To begin with, the environment(internal as well as external) is an important point to discuss. A cordial environment is usually seen as the most appropriate one to ensure an organization maximum gain. In this way, participants(individuals who play as well as those that manage the game of golf in private clubs) learn to perform better without any feeling of being compelled. In this way, they learn to be committed when they see that the leaders of the organization are not pressurizing them. This is infect a learning process that takes time. According to Singe, human beings are born learners, and the environment that each human being is brought up in defines the formation of a personality. The process of socialization is the key to changing the natural generative learning abilities into adaptive learning skills. Applying this to golf promotion means that individuals also learn the value of socializing through golf and understand the processes involved. The human being is portrayed as being one that is programmable, and then carries out duties as expected by the management. This is true as far as picking up the basics is concerned. If an individual has to learn the basics at the age of twenty it is indeed a momentous task. However, what Singe is talking about isn’t about basics, but refers tithe adaptation of an educated individual into an environment that enables him to grasp more. Hence promoting golf in a more commercial environment means that individuals learn to accept things here as their basics. As they rise to a higher professional level they would be used to all the processes and have less pressure. In view of this, Senge’s theory is one that may be consciously or subconsciously employed. In places where changes are necessary and participants find it difficult to conform, it’s often seen that when there is a need for human beings to accept a new surrounding to work in, one way or another they manage to do so. This may be because of hegemonies attitude by the managers. However, Singe essentially refers to the conscious setting by managers who wish to obtain the maximum benefit in accordance with Senge’s theory. Being aware of the way that human beings can learn more and be more productive as a result, managers try to set an environment that is cordial so that it may accommodate all its participants (Larsen, 1996). The environment so created is one that gets the participants to do what the managers want, but with the feeling that the employees themselves are free to behave or work according to their own likes. By this, it does not mean that they can come and go as they please and do whatever they want. There are certainly corporate rules that they must follow, but at the same time they assume that they are well supported and well dealt with by their superiors. Part of the learning organization’s jobs to include team members into the various phases of the promotion or production process. By including team members in the various processes of a production process, they are more enlightened about the way that their role affects the outcome of production, and this is why they are termed fully awakened (Larsen, 1996). This state of being fully awakened has been likened to the way that children are adaptive. Children, at a learning age are able to adapt themselves to different environments easily. It has been argued that the same adaptive nature persists virtually throughout ones whole life, even if they are uncomfortable with an environment at first. On being psychologically at ease with an environment, individuals learn to accept the situation. But this is only the first phase in moving toward learning organizations according to Singe (Singe, 1990). Singe emphasizes that adapting isn’t the centre-most issue of attaining learning environment, the impulse to learn are more important and deeper. The impulse to learn is something that needs to be stimulated, and this is done through a provocative environment. Singe says that the impulse to learn is far more than desires to respond and adapt appropriately to change in environment. It is important first of all then to stimulate interest if effective adaptation is desired of the employees. This is the reason why it is first of all important that an organization attracts its employees with its changes so that they may automatically take interest, thereby making the process of adaptation easier. In the same way, this process of employees taking more interesting their work has resulted in a more focus on generative learning, which is about creating, Creativity is perhaps one of the desired end results of an environmental change, along with adapting to changes in the environment. The concept is actually simple. What managers are actually doing by creating a stimulating environment is that they are diverting the attention of their employees away from the problems they may be undergoing. When managers for instance try to show their employees their friendly side it does not necessarily mean that they are being nice to them personally, but are doing so in order to make them feel comfortable. By making them feel more comfortable the organization stands a far better chance of being able to gain more. This is because of the fact that when an employee feels comfortable s/he can be far more creative in contrast to when s/he is under pressure. In recent years, the approach to promoting productivity has been one that makes use of a cordial environment. This is the reason for the numerous successes that organizations have had. In these organizations it has been seen that the reason for success is the greater involvement of employees in all kinds of routine work. In this way the employees do not get saturated. They avoid saturation due to being allowed to follow the processes that are carried out right up till a product is completed. Along with being involved in all the steps and are kept busying these, they also keep on learning more and more about the production of goods and the organization they work in. This stimulates creativity as they begin to devise more effective ways to ameliorate production. Two-way management welcomes these ideas, which further enhance the cordial environment thereby promoting more creativity (Learning Organization and Knowledge, 2002). The task of promoting creativity is one that is acted upon and not carried out by an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is the status that one earns through being able to see through tasks through conditions that’s/he recognizes as favourable. The job of such a person is indeed one of the highest responsibilities in the corporate world. An entrepreneur is one that has to weigh all the pros and cons of strategy so that the most appropriate decisions are taken. An entrepreneur is an individual that is supposed to carry out the same kind of duties but the essential difference is that s/he is associated with internet-related business. This means that these are the individuals that create business offers on the Internet. They have to make sure that the overall working of their business is smooth. This is because they are the direct winners or losers of their own actions, which are in turn a result of the strategies they adopt. These strategies that are adopted by entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs are ones that are a result of thoughtful consideration. This is only possible for them when they go through various troubles and means to get where they wants to, along with ensuring that they do not make mistake along the way. The characteristic that is so important to be an entrepreneur is to be cautious and painstaking. Without this kind of approach to business one can never be successful. There are several factors at the beginning of quest for an entrepreneur that s/he must consider carefully. The first one of these factors is the market situation. An Entrepreneur must ask him or herself whether or not market conditions are favourable or not for investment in any business. If one plunges into a business blindly without thinking about what the market situations is then his or her efforts may result in total disaster. An entrepreneur may spend a lot of money trying to set up some kind of online e-mail business but yet it may not prove fruitful if there is no market for it. An important point that must be realized is that there can be no business if there is no market for it, and this is because of the fact that people make up the market. If there are no people willing to buy an entrepreneur’s product there can be no business. Here, it must be emphasized that there is certainly a market for golf, and it is because of this that it can be easily promoted in a more commercial environment. There can be several factors affecting this kind of situation, which may range from the climatic to political conditions, and even to geographical location. Products that do well in one of the world may not always be in demand in other parts of the world, as market situations may differ significantly. Besides scanning the market situation in terms of whether a product will be successful there are other considerations too. While checking the market situation an entrepreneur needs to be aware of what kind of competition is present and what his or her chances might be against them. It is vital to be able to calculate effectively what one’s chances are in a market where other established businesses running and selling the same product. If one fails to do this effectively and blindly invests a large amount in his or her product, assuming s/he is far ahead of the other products there could be a huge loss for the company. This also reinforces the need to be cautious when one is taking crucial decisions possibly involving a large amount of finance. By taking decisions cautiously, one may be helped with foresightedness, which is yet another important part of doing business. Foresightedness is affected by various factors. Knowledge of economic history may also play a pivotal role in the future of one’s business. This is coupled by the individual experiences of other entrepreneurs too, whose consultancy is a must. Novices must gather as much of information as possible from the experienced individuals s/he comes into contact with. This lessens the chances of a business failing to great extent and serves as the greatest precautions for a new business. In addition to all these precautions with the aid of market analysis there are other things that have to be watched over carefully by an entrepreneur, such as strategies market analysis, mission statement, long term goals, specific objectives, description of the product, product development plan, marketing strategies, operations plan and financial plan. Of course, it must also be realized that all these cannot be done on one’s own and it need a whole lot of employees to carry them out. In order to have employees one must be able to invest, which highlights the need for capital. But this capital must be handled sensibly too, and the most efficient way to do so is to hire people who are able to analyse the market situation first. Once this is done, and if the situation appears to be fruitful s/he may proceed with further investments. Investing in a business (such as golf that has an immense market to target) is a gradual process which should not be done overnight. By investing slowly, there will be stability provided to the controlling body. This is the first thing that participants need to be aware of (Do You Want to be an Entrepreneur, 1999). Leaders are in charge of ensuring the smooth running of an organization, and so, for this they have to do their utmost to ensure it. Though most people might have the impression that being in the position of a manager might mean that it is a kind of position that demands dictatorship. This is because this position demands a person tube in charge of situation, but professionally speaking there is a way of obtaining maximum output while avoiding a dictatorial atmosphere. People also sometimes feel that managers are the people who should be feared in an organization. But this is not true because it comes nowhere near the borderline of sensibly running an organization. However, the most prevalent though minor problem in managers or management is their dictatorial attitude towards subordinates. Dictatorial management is actually a sign of unhealthy leadership because it is extremely discouraging to the employees, and eventually could affect the overall working of the organization, due to the constant pressure built up over a period of time. Though managers may even be aware this practice continues in many organizations, resulting in a pressured working environment. This pressure is unlike other forms of pressure that bursts open. Although few employees may decide to leave on the spot when pressurized, most of them will wait for other favourable opportunities to come their way so that there isn’t a break in their income. Gradually, with a pressured and dissatisfying environment employee turnover can result in an organization self-destructing. While employees keep on passing in and out of organization, the organization will lose its credibility and profits too, and in the end, it is the managers and not the employees who will suffer. Management in this sense has to learn how to cope with increasing problems as globalization has taken place. The expansion that has been witnessed today in organizational structure is an effect of globalization too because they are spreading almost all over the world. As Organizations expand it is understood that they tend to face problems in efficiency. These problems need to be handled carefully in logical manner so that smooth running of the organization can be restored to the way it was when it was located in its originating country. For this to be handled effectively, communication also needs to be of the highest level. Problems in efficiency may emerge due to the lack of communication or the lack of skills with newer personnel employed in the firm. This is because they are not aware of exactly what the cultural atmosphere was at the original location of the firm. Since they have been newly employed they are bound to face problems such as these. Communication in managing any type of organization sis important, and when it comes to promoting sports people are normally not aware of the intense amount of communication that has to be included. This is because of the fact that many people think that sports are not something that is all that serious. However, the fact is that sports may not be a serious thing on its own, but when it comes to managing team or more than one team, and if there financial matters involved, the situation is quite different. Financial matters make things more serious than they already are, and this is because of the fact that there are risk factors involved automatically. There tends to be a lot more pressure than there usually is and as a result the pressure finally comes down on the shoulders of the players who represent a particular club. The soccer and cricket players experience this to a great extent so much so that there is now need to cope with the psychological strains of the game. Sports in recent times, because of the competition and money involved, has been the result of great stress on players. Some end up under-forming well while others crumble under pressure. However, strategies of dealing with these pressures are implemented successfully as well. It must be emphasized that dealing with stress is in fact a major part of the leadership process. If the leadership is not good enough it can be said that there will automatically be more stress. Much of the process of coping with stress comes from the leadership. If the leadership is weak then there would be more stress, and if the leadership is string and presents itself properly as a force to sub-ordinates stress will be handles more easily. Hence, it is important to lead a company properly. In handling one’s sub-ordinates well there will be better productivity. With the passage of time, a company can grow confident, and since it is the private golf clubs that are of central importance, it must be said that the confidence level of the players as well as the management would improve. Strengthening the leadership of an organization automatically means that operations will be handled well, which in turn means that there will be financial gain at the end. In addition to this there won’t be a shortage of executives if organizations indulge in setting up proper training plans for their apt employees. These plans should be implemented both, at home and abroad too so that uniformity is maintained throughout the organization. It is also essential that trainers do not get polarized in any one location geographically speaking. They should be allowed to exercise their skills and implement them wherever possible. This means that they will also gain maximum teaching experience which they can share with whoever the work with and teach. Three leadership techniques that have been found to increase the performance of an organization: 1) An efficient and lean organization; 2) A talent management plan that focuses on attracting and retaining high-performing individuals; and 3) A performance management program that â€Å"rewards employees who meet set goals† (Dorgan, Dowdy, 2002) From the above points one can see that the major problem that lies in organizations spreading into other cultures is the internal conflict, but aside from the internal conflicts the trend of marketing American products abroad is one that is patronized by the people of those cultures. It is the people that make this possible, as human beings are almost always ready for a change especially if it isn’t going to harm them. Accepting new trends that are already in vogue in other neighboring countries is something that further motivates people into welcoming UK products. However, this is not only the case with receiving UK products in Asian countries. Extending considerations for financial gain with regard to the golf profession there are many angles to take. Aside from simplistic theories that expose the need to enhance golf at private clubs in more commercial environments, there are p Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs Private Members Golf Clubs: the Need to Compete in an Increasingly More Commercial Environment. The world learns through experience, but living in an image-conscious world may prevent one from learning through his experiences. This is apparently a dilemma considering the fact that one lives in an age of post modernism; a stage during which signs mask reality, and one is often deceived through image-promoting strategies. This is true to say because of the fact that signs, logos and big names are now common, and people are often lured into believing the authenticity of different products because of the promotions they have. Consumer behaviour is considerably dependent on promotion of products; the manner in which products are promoted directly influences customer behaviour. Each medium used for promotion has its own impact, and the one that is believed to have a tremendous impact is the Internet. It is believed to boost promotions and sales greatly, and it helps customers in their first step before actually checking a car out. It is through the advertisements on line that they may be attracted and then move towards checking a vehicle out physically at a show room. It is this behaviour that has helped boost the automotive industry significantly. In fact it must be asserted that prior to globalization, consumer behaviour was observed as having a major effect on the development of nations. This is because it helps boost the economy internally as well as having its impact externally. Prior to the 1940s and 1950s, there was no such aim because of the fact that there were many problems that the country was faced with internally. Socially there were different levels on which the UK had to bring the people together. And perhaps during that time no one had come up with such an idea to divert the attention of the people, which occurred during the 1950s. From this era began to the shift towards an improved way of life that would take the country into an entirely different era. This era today is called globalization, a phenomenon that brought many parts of the world together through faster communication systems. Globalization has in fact resulted due to the fact that communication systems have been boosted in recent years. This is also the reason why the present age that people live in is called ‘the age of communication’. The world in which one lives today is indeed a fast-paced one. This fast-paced environment has evolved because of various actions, each of them interacting and producing a variety of results, and creating effects that favour the current situations today. This may all sound complex, but in truth, it may be simply described as a vast number of actions causing a very situation that one witnesses today. This complex situation does not mean that there is total chaos because there is infect an organized system in place. This organized system is one that helps many countries stay in contact with each other. However, the system is not one that favours friendship, but actually focuses on economic gains; countries are motivated in this system to work towards their own gain. They stay in touch with each other for the purpose of suiting their own needs. It is obvious that they would not do things one charitable basis for another country when they could actually invest time and money in bettering their own conditions. Due to the availability of the Internet, countries are able to remain in close touch and trade easily. Online communications have facilitated countries well enough in order to raise their standards of living, and it is on the basis of this tat many people have turned their lives around. Aside from the globalized environment within which one may operate with the help of the Internet, it must be asserted that there are also other means of keeping in touch with other countries. Transportation for one is an important means of remaining in touch and working with other people. In view of this, it must be asserted that the businesses and other operations can be enhanced this way. With speedy communication on their side, a business has better scope of advancing. It must be realized that competition is facilitated well in the global system, and the globalized features aid countries in participating indifferent kinds of competition whether it is business, sports or admixture of the two. In view of sports and business in the form of admixture, it must be asserted that there is great focus on the business part of the mixture. Without this greater emphasis, the sport will not survive at the international level. One may take any sport into consideration here. Soccer for example, as it has a great deal of finance involved in it. Players are highly paid these days, and their reputations are at high-stake because of these high fees they are paid. In addition to this there is the international attention drawn, which in a way causes more stress, but also helps the financial part of the (sports) business. Other sports also have similar features in their business environment. Cricket is another example, and this game is still believed to be in its infancy as far as the financial aspect is considered. Having asserted that sports such as cricket and football are sports that have strong business sides to them, there are other sports that are believed to have similar scope. One example is golf; this is a prestigious and dignified game that has the potential of earning much more than others sports. In its current condition, it is doing well, and players at the professional level are paid well too. However, there is more scope, and considering expansion of this game, it must be asserted that more players can be encompassed globally; they may be paid well and therefore their talents may not go undiscovered or wasted. Considering this, it is important to consider the importance of including players from various levels. Private clubs is a great place to begin. This is because there is so much undiscovered talent within these clubs. Often, there are players with immense experience who pass most of their lives without being given a chance to prove themselves at the professional level. It is thought that if these individuals are somehow exposed through better organizational arrangement, both golf from private clubs as well as the players, will benefit. The popularity of the game would increase and there would be more people participating in it. This in turn means that there would naturally be greater competition. Abstract: Competition is considered to be a great way of promoting a sport or anything that demands the participation of more than one person. Competition is believed to be the best means of earning in the financial world. Aside from the financial part of the arrangement, there is also the reputation of an activity that comes into play. It must be asserted that there is immense scope for both popularity and financial gain through competitive environments, and the same thing applies to golf at the private golf club level. In a competitive environment regarding sports today, it must be asserted that there is marketing and promotional strategies are important. Proper management is another important aspect that comes into play, and it is known that sports at the international level cannot survive without it. There are various aspects that come into the managerial tactics as well, and these all have their levels of success depending on the conditions and the market targeted. Also, in view of marketing, promotion and management of sports at the International or professional level it must be asserted that the strategies are similar to handling other kinds of business. Making use of these strategies in sports promotion is believed to be beneficial for the game as well as players and the countries they come from. Therefore, competing in a more commercial environment is important for sports like golf too, and their private clubs may compete in such environments in order to popularize the game, pay the players well and earn greater revenue especially where the game is hosted. Methodology: In order to achieve as much information about sports and managing sports in a competitive environment, detailed research has to be conducted and analysed. In addition to researching information on sports and managing sports, there is need to understand the chances of succeeding in a commercial environment. When it comes to promoting sport that is not as popular as cricket or football, there is a great deal that needs to be reviewed and understood. There are many things that need to be taken into consideration including risks and chances of success. It is through reviewing pertinent literature and applying it to golf and its current position that would help to give one an idea of what future it could possibly have. Also, studying typical managerial plans and theories reveal the extent to which sports promotion is influenced by them. Some of these theories and strategies could easily apply to promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Aside from these internal methods of studying the promotion of golf in a more commercial environment, there are also external ones. In addition to reviewing pertinent literature, there is also a need to consider and understand the environmental factors. This refers to the external conditions that may influence the success or failure of promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Analysing both the external and internal influences would help one to observe the chances of success along with the need to go ahead and dose. It is important to promote golf in a more commercial environment because of the fact that there is plenty of scope to do so. Like other international and popular sports golf may be promoted in a more commercial environment through proper management strategies. In asserting this, it must be emphasized that there is a great deal to gain from its promotion, as the sport, the participants and those that host the events gain tremendously. Literature Review Theory: The manner in which a sport or any other kind of activity is promoted directly affects it. Hence there is a need for management to be aware of what it has in its plans for promotion. This strongly refers to the environments created as well as the tactics used. To begin with, leadership in this regard is most important, as it can determine the success or failure of promotion to a great extent. The world has reached a stage at which everything is close-knit. There are several bodies and structures that interact with each other that appear to be systematic. Globalization for instance is something has many countries, organizations and institutions operating together. Each of the components in the globalization process exists for its self and is self-driven, yet the system functions. In this regard, one might assert that markets of different types and sizes function in a similar manner. The motive industry is an example with its visible effects. Consumers are actively participating in the industry activity, making it an increasingly viable one for people to invest in. The services and products are known to be quite reliable with an immense amount interesting them. In recent years this has been the case and in time to come it’s expected that there is going to be even more interest in particular industries. Systems of control are ones that need to be in place so that processes remain in view and are understand completely. This is a necessary step in any commercial line because it helps management know what exactly is going on in a particular organization. Indeed, the management needs to know what is going on in order to manage their businesses more effectively. In simple terms, the more knowledge that one has of his other company, the more likely s/he is to take appropriate measures for future betterment. As opposed to this, when the management does not know what exactly is going on it becomes difficult for them to take decisions. This is because they do not know whether the decisions they take will have adverse effects on their organization. In view of this, it is considered most important that the management knows and understands processes thoroughly. In order to make sure that they know what is going on they have to have some kind of system in place that would cater to their needs. When it comes to managing a company more effectively, it must be asserted that there is need to recognize particular activity. Developing such a system would be of immense use, and if implemented successfully, a company would be able to trace out organizational activity in every respect and measure the economic impact that each of these actions has. In view of this, management models may be implemented to determine cost values for particular activity within a company. There are several methods that might be employed to do this, and each has its own level of credibility. Newer methods of handling anything are introduced in order to produce intended effects that are better than previous ones. People would not persist with newer systems if they believed that they were not effective and profitable. Older systems that are overshadowed cannot be brought back if newer systems are more effective. In this regard, if answer system takes time for people to adjust to, plans are developed in order to make sure that they are ameliorated in order to make use of them to their maximum potential. Indeed, there are several newer systems being employed in various fields. These fields need to overview and understand what these systems are in order to appreciate their benefits. In understanding thee benefits, the basic principles on which they function need to be assessed. To begin with, the environment(internal as well as external) is an important point to discuss. A cordial environment is usually seen as the most appropriate one to ensure an organization maximum gain. In this way, participants(individuals who play as well as those that manage the game of golf in private clubs) learn to perform better without any feeling of being compelled. In this way, they learn to be committed when they see that the leaders of the organization are not pressurizing them. This is infect a learning process that takes time. According to Singe, human beings are born learners, and the environment that each human being is brought up in defines the formation of a personality. The process of socialization is the key to changing the natural generative learning abilities into adaptive learning skills. Applying this to golf promotion means that individuals also learn the value of socializing through golf and understand the processes involved. The human being is portrayed as being one that is programmable, and then carries out duties as expected by the management. This is true as far as picking up the basics is concerned. If an individual has to learn the basics at the age of twenty it is indeed a momentous task. However, what Singe is talking about isn’t about basics, but refers tithe adaptation of an educated individual into an environment that enables him to grasp more. Hence promoting golf in a more commercial environment means that individuals learn to accept things here as their basics. As they rise to a higher professional level they would be used to all the processes and have less pressure. In view of this, Senge’s theory is one that may be consciously or subconsciously employed. In places where changes are necessary and participants find it difficult to conform, it’s often seen that when there is a need for human beings to accept a new surrounding to work in, one way or another they manage to do so. This may be because of hegemonies attitude by the managers. However, Singe essentially refers to the conscious setting by managers who wish to obtain the maximum benefit in accordance with Senge’s theory. Being aware of the way that human beings can learn more and be more productive as a result, managers try to set an environment that is cordial so that it may accommodate all its participants (Larsen, 1996). The environment so created is one that gets the participants to do what the managers want, but with the feeling that the employees themselves are free to behave or work according to their own likes. By this, it does not mean that they can come and go as they please and do whatever they want. There are certainly corporate rules that they must follow, but at the same time they assume that they are well supported and well dealt with by their superiors. Part of the learning organization’s jobs to include team members into the various phases of the promotion or production process. By including team members in the various processes of a production process, they are more enlightened about the way that their role affects the outcome of production, and this is why they are termed fully awakened (Larsen, 1996). This state of being fully awakened has been likened to the way that children are adaptive. Children, at a learning age are able to adapt themselves to different environments easily. It has been argued that the same adaptive nature persists virtually throughout ones whole life, even if they are uncomfortable with an environment at first. On being psychologically at ease with an environment, individuals learn to accept the situation. But this is only the first phase in moving toward learning organizations according to Singe (Singe, 1990). Singe emphasizes that adapting isn’t the centre-most issue of attaining learning environment, the impulse to learn are more important and deeper. The impulse to learn is something that needs to be stimulated, and this is done through a provocative environment. Singe says that the impulse to learn is far more than desires to respond and adapt appropriately to change in environment. It is important first of all then to stimulate interest if effective adaptation is desired of the employees. This is the reason why it is first of all important that an organization attracts its employees with its changes so that they may automatically take interest, thereby making the process of adaptation easier. In the same way, this process of employees taking more interesting their work has resulted in a more focus on generative learning, which is about creating, Creativity is perhaps one of the desired end results of an environmental change, along with adapting to changes in the environment. The concept is actually simple. What managers are actually doing by creating a stimulating environment is that they are diverting the attention of their employees away from the problems they may be undergoing. When managers for instance try to show their employees their friendly side it does not necessarily mean that they are being nice to them personally, but are doing so in order to make them feel comfortable. By making them feel more comfortable the organization stands a far better chance of being able to gain more. This is because of the fact that when an employee feels comfortable s/he can be far more creative in contrast to when s/he is under pressure. In recent years, the approach to promoting productivity has been one that makes use of a cordial environment. This is the reason for the numerous successes that organizations have had. In these organizations it has been seen that the reason for success is the greater involvement of employees in all kinds of routine work. In this way the employees do not get saturated. They avoid saturation due to being allowed to follow the processes that are carried out right up till a product is completed. Along with being involved in all the steps and are kept busying these, they also keep on learning more and more about the production of goods and the organization they work in. This stimulates creativity as they begin to devise more effective ways to ameliorate production. Two-way management welcomes these ideas, which further enhance the cordial environment thereby promoting more creativity (Learning Organization and Knowledge, 2002). The task of promoting creativity is one that is acted upon and not carried out by an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is the status that one earns through being able to see through tasks through conditions that’s/he recognizes as favourable. The job of such a person is indeed one of the highest responsibilities in the corporate world. An entrepreneur is one that has to weigh all the pros and cons of strategy so that the most appropriate decisions are taken. An entrepreneur is an individual that is supposed to carry out the same kind of duties but the essential difference is that s/he is associated with internet-related business. This means that these are the individuals that create business offers on the Internet. They have to make sure that the overall working of their business is smooth. This is because they are the direct winners or losers of their own actions, which are in turn a result of the strategies they adopt. These strategies that are adopted by entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs are ones that are a result of thoughtful consideration. This is only possible for them when they go through various troubles and means to get where they wants to, along with ensuring that they do not make mistake along the way. The characteristic that is so important to be an entrepreneur is to be cautious and painstaking. Without this kind of approach to business one can never be successful. There are several factors at the beginning of quest for an entrepreneur that s/he must consider carefully. The first one of these factors is the market situation. An Entrepreneur must ask him or herself whether or not market conditions are favourable or not for investment in any business. If one plunges into a business blindly without thinking about what the market situations is then his or her efforts may result in total disaster. An entrepreneur may spend a lot of money trying to set up some kind of online e-mail business but yet it may not prove fruitful if there is no market for it. An important point that must be realized is that there can be no business if there is no market for it, and this is because of the fact that people make up the market. If there are no people willing to buy an entrepreneur’s product there can be no business. Here, it must be emphasized that there is certainly a market for golf, and it is because of this that it can be easily promoted in a more commercial environment. There can be several factors affecting this kind of situation, which may range from the climatic to political conditions, and even to geographical location. Products that do well in one of the world may not always be in demand in other parts of the world, as market situations may differ significantly. Besides scanning the market situation in terms of whether a product will be successful there are other considerations too. While checking the market situation an entrepreneur needs to be aware of what kind of competition is present and what his or her chances might be against them. It is vital to be able to calculate effectively what one’s chances are in a market where other established businesses running and selling the same product. If one fails to do this effectively and blindly invests a large amount in his or her product, assuming s/he is far ahead of the other products there could be a huge loss for the company. This also reinforces the need to be cautious when one is taking crucial decisions possibly involving a large amount of finance. By taking decisions cautiously, one may be helped with foresightedness, which is yet another important part of doing business. Foresightedness is affected by various factors. Knowledge of economic history may also play a pivotal role in the future of one’s business. This is coupled by the individual experiences of other entrepreneurs too, whose consultancy is a must. Novices must gather as much of information as possible from the experienced individuals s/he comes into contact with. This lessens the chances of a business failing to great extent and serves as the greatest precautions for a new business. In addition to all these precautions with the aid of market analysis there are other things that have to be watched over carefully by an entrepreneur, such as strategies market analysis, mission statement, long term goals, specific objectives, description of the product, product development plan, marketing strategies, operations plan and financial plan. Of course, it must also be realized that all these cannot be done on one’s own and it need a whole lot of employees to carry them out. In order to have employees one must be able to invest, which highlights the need for capital. But this capital must be handled sensibly too, and the most efficient way to do so is to hire people who are able to analyse the market situation first. Once this is done, and if the situation appears to be fruitful s/he may proceed with further investments. Investing in a business (such as golf that has an immense market to target) is a gradual process which should not be done overnight. By investing slowly, there will be stability provided to the controlling body. This is the first thing that participants need to be aware of (Do You Want to be an Entrepreneur, 1999). Leaders are in charge of ensuring the smooth running of an organization, and so, for this they have to do their utmost to ensure it. Though most people might have the impression that being in the position of a manager might mean that it is a kind of position that demands dictatorship. This is because this position demands a person tube in charge of situation, but professionally speaking there is a way of obtaining maximum output while avoiding a dictatorial atmosphere. People also sometimes feel that managers are the people who should be feared in an organization. But this is not true because it comes nowhere near the borderline of sensibly running an organization. However, the most prevalent though minor problem in managers or management is their dictatorial attitude towards subordinates. Dictatorial management is actually a sign of unhealthy leadership because it is extremely discouraging to the employees, and eventually could affect the overall working of the organization, due to the constant pressure built up over a period of time. Though managers may even be aware this practice continues in many organizations, resulting in a pressured working environment. This pressure is unlike other forms of pressure that bursts open. Although few employees may decide to leave on the spot when pressurized, most of them will wait for other favourable opportunities to come their way so that there isn’t a break in their income. Gradually, with a pressured and dissatisfying environment employee turnover can result in an organization self-destructing. While employees keep on passing in and out of organization, the organization will lose its credibility and profits too, and in the end, it is the managers and not the employees who will suffer. Management in this sense has to learn how to cope with increasing problems as globalization has taken place. The expansion that has been witnessed today in organizational structure is an effect of globalization too because they are spreading almost all over the world. As Organizations expand it is understood that they tend to face problems in efficiency. These problems need to be handled carefully in logical manner so that smooth running of the organization can be restored to the way it was when it was located in its originating country. For this to be handled effectively, communication also needs to be of the highest level. Problems in efficiency may emerge due to the lack of communication or the lack of skills with newer personnel employed in the firm. This is because they are not aware of exactly what the cultural atmosphere was at the original location of the firm. Since they have been newly employed they are bound to face problems such as these. Communication in managing any type of organization sis important, and when it comes to promoting sports people are normally not aware of the intense amount of communication that has to be included. This is because of the fact that many people think that sports are not something that is all that serious. However, the fact is that sports may not be a serious thing on its own, but when it comes to managing team or more than one team, and if there financial matters involved, the situation is quite different. Financial matters make things more serious than they already are, and this is because of the fact that there are risk factors involved automatically. There tends to be a lot more pressure than there usually is and as a result the pressure finally comes down on the shoulders of the players who represent a particular club. The soccer and cricket players experience this to a great extent so much so that there is now need to cope with the psychological strains of the game. Sports in recent times, because of the competition and money involved, has been the result of great stress on players. Some end up under-forming well while others crumble under pressure. However, strategies of dealing with these pressures are implemented successfully as well. It must be emphasized that dealing with stress is in fact a major part of the leadership process. If the leadership is not good enough it can be said that there will automatically be more stress. Much of the process of coping with stress comes from the leadership. If the leadership is weak then there would be more stress, and if the leadership is string and presents itself properly as a force to sub-ordinates stress will be handles more easily. Hence, it is important to lead a company properly. In handling one’s sub-ordinates well there will be better productivity. With the passage of time, a company can grow confident, and since it is the private golf clubs that are of central importance, it must be said that the confidence level of the players as well as the management would improve. Strengthening the leadership of an organization automatically means that operations will be handled well, which in turn means that there will be financial gain at the end. In addition to this there won’t be a shortage of executives if organizations indulge in setting up proper training plans for their apt employees. These plans should be implemented both, at home and abroad too so that uniformity is maintained throughout the organization. It is also essential that trainers do not get polarized in any one location geographically speaking. They should be allowed to exercise their skills and implement them wherever possible. This means that they will also gain maximum teaching experience which they can share with whoever the work with and teach. Three leadership techniques that have been found to increase the performance of an organization: 1) An efficient and lean organization; 2) A talent management plan that focuses on attracting and retaining high-performing individuals; and 3) A performance management program that â€Å"rewards employees who meet set goals† (Dorgan, Dowdy, 2002) From the above points one can see that the major problem that lies in organizations spreading into other cultures is the internal conflict, but aside from the internal conflicts the trend of marketing American products abroad is one that is patronized by the people of those cultures. It is the people that make this possible, as human beings are almost always ready for a change especially if it isn’t going to harm them. Accepting new trends that are already in vogue in other neighboring countries is something that further motivates people into welcoming UK products. However, this is not only the case with receiving UK products in Asian countries. Extending considerations for financial gain with regard to the golf profession there are many angles to take. Aside from simplistic theories that expose the need to enhance golf at private clubs in more commercial environments, there are p