Australian Taxation Office

Questions: Section A 1. Allan and Betty were living and working in Melbourne. They settled on a tree change, sold their Melbourne home and bought a huge nation house on a 10 hectare obstruct in focal Victoria. Betty works low maintenance as a bookkeeper and Allan as a locum specialist. Allan is famous with the old patients in the town and normally is given home-made cakes and scones, alongside his charge. On one event he rewarded a nearby wine producers hound for snake chomp when the vet was inaccessible and was given twelve containers of Lonarch Brae shiraz in appreciation. The wine had a retail estimation of $360. 2. Allan and Betty appreciate planting. They intend to build up a couple of hectares of grape vines and start developing vegetables. They go to a proceeding with instruction seminar on natural cultivating and find in their second year they have an overflow of produce. Betty began making jelly and relish utilizing her moms plans. At first she offered them to neighbors yet they turned out to be well known to the point that she opened a slow down at the Newtown Growers Market hung on the second Sunday of consistently. Allan offered a portion of the overabundance to a nearby market and now consistently supplies three retailers with yams and pumpkin. They dont keep records as they never expected to make a benefit yet gauge that in a decent month net receipts could be $500 to $600. 3. Their neighbors have a citrus plantation and during the time vegetables are traded for oranges and mandarins. This appears such a smart thought Allan and Betty choose to set up a trade framework in the zone. To join the framework an individual must compensation an in advance, one-off expense of $50 to Allan and Betty as a charge for the keeping of managerial records. From that point individuals register their products or administrations to be dealt. For instance, Suzie is a resigned stylist and will give styling administrations at her home. No cash changes hands. Suzie would get an a sound representative for her record of 15 to 20 barts that she can trade for products or administrations of equivalent incentive from other enlisted members in the plan (natural product, vegetables, youngster disapproving, yard cutting and so forth.). Part B Nicole Grownman is an Australian entertainer who has had various jobs in movies and visitor appearances in serials. During the year the accompanying occasions happened: Nicole was offered a job in a telemovie set during the 1950s. She was required to put on 10 kilograms to fill the role offered and would be granted the job just in the event that she put on weight. Nicole expanded her food consumption significantly, feasting out a few times each week and eating inexpensive food. She evaluated she burned through $1,000 on food that she would not typically have eaten. She was paid $50,000 for her job. Because of her weight gain Nicole needed to purchase new garments at an expense of $2000. Toward the finish of recording she needed to free weight and get once more into shape so employed a dietician at an expense of $1,000 and a fitness coach ($2,500) and went through seven days at a wellbeing center ($1,500). Nicole was paid $2,000 by Womans World for a meeting in which she talked about the new telemovie just as her own life. She gave the cash to the Royal Childrens Hospital. The telemovie got basic approval and Nicole was offered a little job in a Hollywood film. Under the agreement she was to get $AU20,000. She flew with every available amenity to the United States at an expense of $5,000; economy class would have been $2,000. Subsequent to shooting she went through seven days visiting operators in Hollywood in the desire for making sure about more jobs. Nicole viewed the week as a working occasion and she offered herself five star settlement at an expense of $6,000. A surely understand tattle magazine Eye Spy distributed a tale about Nicole that contained various falsehoods. Customarily she would not have made a big deal about such thing yet with her profession blooming she was worried that her notoriety may be discolored and future jobs lost. She burned through $10,000 in legitimate charges, sued the magazine for slander and was effective in making sure about harms of $50,000. A brief break in acting followed and at her directors proposal Nicole paid $1,000 to a voice mentor to improve her voice projection. In the desire that her profession was to take off finally, Nicole moved to a leased apartment. She explicitly chose a two room unit with the goal that one room could be saved for restrictive use as an investigation/office. There she could understand contents, manage correspondence and ruminate. Her supervisor proposed she would be qualified for a duty derivation for a division of the lease. Answers: Section A 1. Realities with respect to the current case Allen and Betty are two individual citizens. Both are the inhabitants of Melbourne. Because of specific reasons the two of them arrived at a resolution to sell their home in the Melbourne and move to Central Victoria. As of now both are under some calling. Further both are hitched couple. The spouse is a locum specialist. A locum specialist is the person who gives clinical treatment without the first specialist. The spouse is fills in as low maintenance bookkeeper at some spot. The spouse who is a nearby specialist has acclaim in the brains of senior residents at where the two of them live. Allan charges expenses for offering support. He is being given extra thought in kind moreover Questions brought up for the situation The case requests the ramifications of assessment for the extra thought got. Judgment and Analysis In extremely straightforward structure, bargain is an arrangement of managing wherein products and ventures are traded for merchandise and enterprises. Cash has no task to carry out under this framework. At times there wins an incomplete bargain framework wherein the thought is paid in cash just as kind. The caring segment is under bargain framework. In the current case Allan offered clinical assistance to a canine that was harmed by a snake nibble. The proprietor of the pooch gave a few expenses in kind for the treatment. The proprietor of the pooch was satisfied with the administration Allan gave and he furthermore talented twelve of wine bottles. The retail estimation of the equivalent was $360. This exchange absolutely falls under trade framework. This case has attributes like FC of T v. Cooke Sherden(1980) 42 FLR 403; (1980) 10 ATR 696; (1980) 29 ALR 202; 80 ATC 4140, under this case the court concluded that the supplier of administration needs to pay charge on the retail estimation of the sort. End At the point when we apply the realities, conditions and choice of the previously mentioned case to our case we reason that Allan needs to pay charge on the retail estimation of wine. 2. Realities with respect to the current case Expressed in the inquiry Questions brought up for the situation The case requests the ramifications of duty and further solicits to give insights about enlistment from the business Judgment and Analysis The arrangements identifying with this case are given under (Taxation Ruling TR 97/11). The expectations of both are not to make benefits. The month to month receipts are $500 to $600. At the point when we complete it for a year we see that the absolute gross receipts for a specific year is $6000 to $7200. There are explicit prerequisites for getting the business enlisted with the annual duty authority. These are as per the following For organizations it is necessary regardless of the turnover The GST turnover is more than $75000 There is no arrangement for enrolling a non GST turnover business For our situation the vegetables are utilized to make jelly and relish. This is given to neighbors. At that point gradually the couple made a slow down and began offering to open. So they are working together. Be that as it may, they are not required to settle burden or get their business enlisted as the turnover is under $75000 for the year. This case additionally brings up an issue of pastime versus Business. The fundamental distinction between them two is expectation to procure benefit. At the point when the expectation is to gain benefit then it is named as business yet when the goal is simply fun and entertainment than it is nottermed as business. The realities expressed for this situation have qualities like Blockey v. FC of T(1923) 31 CLR 503 Isaacs J. For this situation the court concluded that non benefit exchange doesn't pull in the arrangements of ITAA 1997 End In the wake of looking to the realities, conditions and the choice of the previously mentioned case we presume that they don't require to make the enrollment for business as the turnover doesn't surpass $75000, they dont even require to have a duty recording number as the pay is underneath $18000 for the year. The exercises that them two carry on are non business exercises. 3. Realities with respect to the current case Expressed in the inquiry Questions brought up for the situation What are the duty ramifications of bargain framework? Judgment and Analysis In straightforward structure, deal is an arrangement of managing wherein merchandise and ventures are traded for products and enterprises. Cash has no task to carry out under this framework. At times there wins an incomplete trade framework wherein the thought is paid in cash just as kind. The thoughtful bit is under bargain framework. There are a few types of trade framework which is somewhat complex. Such framework are claimed and constrained by part association. The mechanism of trade isn't merchandise or administrations yet certain units of credit. The individuals pay some membership forthright for joining the enrollment. For giving products and enterprises to different individuals supplier gets a few focuses and the person in question uses such focuses to buy merchandise and ventures from different individuals. Be that as it may, for this they have to have a Goods and Service Tax number. What's more, under deal framework the association can guarantee input charge credit (Section 290.240). Case alluded, FC of T v. Cooke Sherden(1980) 42 FLR 403; (1980) 10 ATR 696; (1980) 29 ALR 202; 80 ATC 4140, End There are such a large number of ends with respect to this case Allan and Betty need to get their association enlisted for under ATO just as for GST They have to get Tax Filling Number and need to document annual assessment form each year They have to keep up records of exchanges of their individuals Part B 1. Realities of the case During 1950s

State Representative John B. Orr Jr. free essay sample

All through the Florida Capitol working, there are representations or dedications celebrating for all intents and purposes each political dignitary of the states past, including an overseer senator who served only three days. No place on the premises, in any case, is there a tribute to the man who submitted the most excellent demonstration of political mental fortitude in Floridas history. That man is the late John B. Orr Jr. of Miami. Because of the Supreme Courts milestone 1954 Brown v. Leading group of Education administering, Florida was one of numerous Southern states that endeavored to thwart racial reconciliation of its government funded educational system. In the midst of the 1956 gubernatorial decisions, officeholder Florida Governor LeRoy Collins â€Å"quietly upheld a board of trustees to investigate lawful measures by which the state could strengthen its arrangement of isolated practices† (Winsboro). The advisory group, led by resigned Circuit Judge L.L. Fabisinski of Pensacola, suggested â€Å"the fortifying of neighborhood educational committees and the improvement of the governors forces of law enforcement† so as to sustain isolation of Floridas instructive organizations (Winsboro). Remembering the Fabisinski Commissions investigation, Governor Collins drafted a bundle of bills, including a Pupil Assignment Act and a Private School Corporation Act, to dodge the Supreme Courts Brown decision. On July 26, 1956, Governor Collins proposed the Fabisinski Commission isolation bills during an extraordinary meeting of the state council. At the point when the roll was approached the first of the bills to arrive at the House floor, 89 administrators, grasping Floridas oppressive racial traditions, casted a ballot â€Å"Aye.† Representative John B. Orr Jr. alone casted a ballot â€Å"Nay.† On a state of individual benefit, Orr tended to a quieted and tense chamber to legitimize his contradiction. â€Å"I accept that isolation is ethically wrong,† he claimed. â€Å"I accept that peasants are offensive to popularity based standards. The way that the custom is of long standing makes it no less wrong.† Orr tested the underlying foundations of Floridas racial narrow mindedness, declaring that â€Å"the pigmentation of ones skin is no reasonable reason for setting him apart,† and, insinuating the first content of the Fifteenth Amendment, â€Å"we are s ponsored by our constitution, that we don't segregate based on race, shading, or creed.† Notwithstanding his moral complaints, Orr reproached his partners egregious lack of respect for the Supreme Courts Brown decision and the more extensive standards of American law. â€Å"To challenge the most elevated court in our land,† Orr introspected, â€Å"is unbelievable to me.† Echoing the Warren Courts consistent supposition in Brown, Orr noticed that Florida had â€Å"not given equivalent however separate instructive offices and I dont accept this is conceivable. As an outcome of the difference in instructive offices, we in the South have had throughout the years a huge section of our populace which has been inadequately educated.† Orrs ensuing disclosure that he was an individual from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) collected maybe the bitterest repugnance from his kindred officials. The solitary dissident finished up his discourse by citing a supplication discussed by the pastor of the House two days sooner:  "Help us, in this manner, to see that it is smarter to bomb in an admirable motivation that will eventually succeed, than to prevail in a wicked reason that will at last fail.† Galvanized by the shameful acts of Floridas isolation convention, Orr strikingly pushed for equivalent scholastic offices for a persecuted African-American minority. Similarly as John F. Kennedy respected the free thinker autonomy of eight U.S. legislators in Profiles in Courage, State Representative Orr typified â€Å"a government official scrupulously craving †¦ ‘to push [his] dinghy from the shore alone into a threatening and fierce sea.† After his brief rant against the Fabisinski charges, Orr â€Å"received no applause† when he came back to his House seat (Boyles). Such quiet was just a wave in the heavy political and individual kickback Orr looked in the wake of his solitary difference. The next morning, Orrs auntie got a call undermining Orr and his family. A crowd of racial oppressors bearing lights intruded onto Orrs property and consumed a cross on his front garden. In assessing Orrs master coordination stand, Florida papers deplored that the youthful Miamian was â€Å"washed up politically† and â€Å"alone †without companions †among his individual legislators.† The Miami Herald questione d: Would it not have been exceptional for Orr to have ‘taken a stroll at the hour of the democratic in the House of Representatives instead of create expanded ill will of the littler areas against enormous Dade? Absenting ones self from a move call vote may not be the boldest activity, yet it is an old move utilized by lawmakers who don't wish to be recorded deciding on a specific issue. Orr could have â€Å"taken a walk† during this tiresome preliminary of still, small voice. Be that as it may, he didnt. Miami-Dade voters reacted no more well to Orrs nervy contradiction. The youthful lawmaker was reappointed in 1956 simply because the documenting cutoff time had passed. After two years, Orr lost to segregationist David Eldridge in the Democratic essential political decision. Like straightforward Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, included in Kennedys Profiles in Courage, State Representative Orr was â€Å"willing to meet pounding rout as opposed to bargain his principles† in light of the fact that â€Å"his want to win or keep up a notoriety for trustworthiness and mental fortitude was more grounded than his craving to keep up his office† (Kennedy). In spite of the fact that Orr never accomplished any political office higher than Miami-Dade County civic chairman, low maintenance position with little impact, he kept on squeezing for the progressive  ­integration of Floridas educational system. Orrs political affliction planted a seed for instructive change in Florida. That seed  ­finally developed on the morning of Sept. 7, 1959, when â€Å"twenty-five African-American understudies ventured onto the grounds of Orchard Villa Elementary School and Air Base Elementary School,† denoting the official finish of isolation inside the Miami-Dade County Public School framework (Winsboro). Fundamentally, Titles IV and VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 empowered government authorization of integration in Floridas staying defiant school areas. Following quite a while of sturdy support even with overpowering restriction, Orr saw his noble motivation of racial reconciliation eventually succeed. Book reference Boyles, John L. â€Å"Legislator Berates Orr on House.† The Miami Herald 31 July 1956: 2A. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Boyles, John L. â€Å"Orrs Family Threatened on Telephone Soon After Blistering Speech in House.† The Miami Herald 27 July 1956: 26A. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. â€Å"Dade Legislator Whos in NAACP Tells House ‘Segregation is Morally Wrong.† Tampa Morning Tribune 27 July 1956: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Senior member, Clarence. â€Å"Vote Emphasizes Florida Changes.† The New York Times 8 Nov. 1956: 42. Microform. ProQuest Historical Newspapers (2006) Duke, Lynne. â€Å"How Big a Stretch?† The Washington Post 7 May 2007: C01. Web. 28 June 2010. Dyckman, Martin. â€Å"Few Have the Courage to Take a Stand Series.† Editorial. St. Petersburg Times 11 Jan. 2000, South Pinellas ed.: 11A. Print. Kennedy, John F. Profiles in Courage. 1956. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print. McDermott, John B. â€Å"Dade Politicians Ponder Orrs Position.† The Miami Herald 28 July 1956: 11A. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. McDermott, John B. â€Å"Orrs Stand Weakens His Usefulness.† The Miami Herald 29 July 1956: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. â€Å"NAACP Member, Orr Says.† The Miami Herald 25 July 1956: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. â€Å"Southerner with a Conscience.† Harper Magazine Oct. 1957: 18-20. Print. Taylor, Matt. â€Å"Jack Orr: Trail of Glory and Despair.† The Miami Herald 4 May 1969: 14C. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Vecchione, Joe. â€Å"Bi-Racial Effort Suggested Here.† The Miami News 21 Sept. 1958: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Winsboro, Irvin D.S. â€Å"An Historical Perspective on Public School Desegregation in Florida.† Florida Conference of Historians. Florida Gulf Coast University, 27 Feb. 2010. Web. 21 June 2010. .

Avivas Leadership Power and Motivation Lab Report

Avivas Leadership Power and Motivation - Lab Report Example Aviva is the biggest general back up plan in the UK and has near 31.5 million clients spread over the 16 nations. As indicated by the organization site, the organization accomplished 2.2 billion UK pounds in benefits after duty in 2013 contrasted with 2.9 billion pounds revealed in 2012 (Aviva 2014). The money settlements developed by 40 percent to arrive at 1.3 billion UK pounds while the new business expanded by 13 percent to 835 million during the year 2013. In the current 2014 budgetary year, Aviva is centered around improving the money settlements while improving the life coverage business portion through separated evaluating and building vital organizations in developing markets (Aviva 2014). Aviva’s key structure is centered around speculation, client, appropriation, and individuals Aviva has achieved magnificent execution in five measurements that incorporate income the board, working benefits, an estimation of new business, costs and joined working proportion because of astounding authority and individuals the executives. Aviva has a various item portfolio and exceptionally capable workers that oblige the changing money related arranging and protection needs of both rustic and urban clients (Aviva 2014). Administration is a basic part of Aviva’s accomplishment since the administration is focused on the authoritative objectives and has plot an unmistakable vision that is centered around expanding comes back to the store financial specialists and fulfilling the protection clients. Another key perspective that has encouraged Aviva’s development and productivity is inspiration since the representatives are focused on better in their occupations. The re port will talk about the accomplishment of Aviva utilizing authoritative speculations and ideas of initiative and force. The second component of hierarchical structure and the board of individuals that will be the persuasive procedures that have been utilized by the organization to guarantee high worker execution.

Wrecking Ball (Music Video) Interpretation by Miley Cyrus free essay sample

From the second Miley mounted the dark circle of annihilation, the destroying ball turned out to be in excess of a development apparatus; it turned into an image of the froth finger queen’s inheritance. â€Å"Wrecking Ball† opens with the amazing verses â€Å"we ripped at, we binded, our hearts futile. We bounced, never asking why†. A solitary tear moves down Ms. Cyrus’ left cheek. This is an image of how her separation with Liam Hemsworth left her: an enthusiastic wreck. Could her absence of garments perhaps speak to the crude sentiments the track copies? Next, Ms. Cyrus, in her grimy maroon Doc Martens, gets another instrument of pulverization: the mallet. Miley licks the mallet. She can taste the severe kind of the passionate thrashing managed by Liam, the greatest device of all. The camera container as the destroying ball obliterates the encompassing structures. The verses â€Å"all I needed was to break your dividers, however all you could possibly d o was wreck me† recommend that maybe, Miley’s dividers of security have additionally fallen. We will compose a custom exposition test on Destroying Ball (Music Video) Interpretation by Miley Cyrus or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The video reaches a conclusion as scenes streak by indicating Miley lying in the destruction sobbing; be that as it may, she hints that the destroying ball will swing again with the last lines â€Å"don’t you ever state I just left. I will consistently need you†.

The Vikings Essay -- Scandinavian Pirates History Vikings Essays

The Vikings The word Viking in the Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language says that the word Viking implies the accompanying. â€Å"Vi†¢king 1. any of the Scandinavian privateers who loot the shorelines of Europe from the eighth to tenth hundreds of years. 2. an ocean wandering desperado: privateer. 3. a Scandinavian. 4. U.S. Aviation. One of a progression of room tests that got logical data about Mars.† (1) The Vikings lived around one thousand years prior in the terrains that we currently call Iceland, Lapland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. To a great many people the Vikings were looters that got in their longboats and cruised some place and afterward went from town to town executing and plundering. This isn't totally evident, on the grounds that the Vikings were additionally incredible swashbucklers. They set up exchanging joins and searched for land that they could settle down make a home and have a ranch. In any case, not to state that the Vikings weren’t wild warriors, since they were extraordinary warriors that won pretty much every early fight. In spite of the fact that they never had a domain, the King of Denmark managed Norway and England for a short time from 1030 to 1035.  â â â â The Vikings had numerous explanations behind leaving their country and satisfying being the incredible travelers that they were. One motivation to leave was that the land that the Vikings were living in was getting over populated, to such an extent that one family couldn’t own as much land, as he might want. Additionally the land in Scandinavia, that they lived on was exceptionally precipitous and had almost no land that could be cultivated. In like manner Sweden contained numerous backwoods that made it not fit for cultivating.      The Viking individuals were split into various classes a lot of like numerous different social orders. They were split by how much land and cash that they had. There were the â€Å"kings† that governed over every township. Underneath him came the rich aristocrats, or jarls. The lord and the jarls were the most influential individuals in a township. At that point beneath the jarls there were the freemen or the karls, which included experts, shippers, and ranchers. At the exceptionally base of the chain of command were the slaves also called thralls.      The greater part of Vikings invested almost no energy away from home on attacks. Rather they were at home filling in as ranchers, developing oats, grain, rye, and vegetables, and watching out for their steers, sheep, pigs, and goats. They likewise kept organic products, for example, apples, and nuts, for example, hazelnuts and pecan... ... Inc,  ©1996, page 2122 2. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 49 3. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 49 4. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 50 5. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 54 6. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 54 7. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 27 8. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 27 List of sources 1. Done by Committee. Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York, NY; Random House Value Publishing, Inc,  ©1996. 2. Martell, Hazel Mary. What Do We Know About The Vikings? New York, NY; Simon and Schuster Young Books,  ©1992. 3. Ganeri, Anita. Concentrate On Vikings. New York, NY; Aladdin Books,  ©1992 4. Streissguth, Thomas. Life Among the Vikings. San Diego, California; Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999 5. http://www.sandiaprep.org/library/face cloth/bib.html 6. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/village.html For the video’s on CD. The Vikings Essay - Scandinavian Pirates History Vikings Essays The Vikings The word Viking in the Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language says that the word Viking implies the accompanying. â€Å"Vi†¢king 1. any of the Scandinavian privateers who loot the shores of Europe from the eighth to tenth hundreds of years. 2. an ocean meandering scoundrel: privateer. 3. a Scandinavian. 4. U.S. Aviation. One of a progression of room tests that acquired logical data about Mars.† (1) The Vikings lived around one thousand years back in the terrains that we presently call Iceland, Lapland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. To a great many people the Vikings were marauders that got in their longboats and cruised some place and afterward went from town to town executing and plundering. This isn't totally obvious, in light of the fact that the Vikings were likewise extraordinary explorers. They set up exchanging joins and searched for land that they could settle down make a home and have a homestead. Be that as it may, not to state that the Vikings weren’t furious warriors, since they were extraordinary warriors that won pretty much every early fight. In spite of the fact that they never had a domain, the King of Denmark administered Norway and England for a short time from 1030 to 1035.  â â â â The Vikings had numerous explanations behind leaving their country and satisfying being the extraordinary globe-trotters that they were. One motivation to leave was that the land that the Vikings were living in was getting over populated, with the end goal that one family couldn’t own as much land, as he might want. Likewise the land in Scandinavia, that they lived on was extremely hilly and had next to no land that could be cultivated. In like manner Sweden contained numerous backwoods that made it not fit for cultivating.      The Viking individuals were split into various classes a lot of like numerous different social orders. They were split by how much land and cash that they had. There were the â€Å"kings† that controlled over every township. Underneath him came the rich aristocrats, or jarls. The ruler and the jarls were the most influential individuals in a township. At that point underneath the jarls there were the freemen or the karls, which included specialists, traders, and ranchers. At the extremely base of the command hierarchy were the slaves also called thralls.      The larger part of Vikings invested next to no energy away from home on strikes. Rather they were at home filling in as ranchers, developing oats, grain, rye, and vegetables, and keeping an eye on their cows, sheep, pigs, and goats. They likewise kept natural products, for example, apples, and nuts, for example, hazelnuts and pecan... ... Inc,  ©1996, page 2122 2. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 49 3. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 49 4. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 50 5. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 54 6. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 54 7. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 27 8. Streissguth, Thomas, â€Å"Life Among the Vikings†, Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999, page 27 Book reference 1. Done by Committee. Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York, NY; Random House Value Publishing, Inc,  ©1996. 2. Martell, Hazel Mary. What Do We Know About The Vikings? New York, NY; Simon and Schuster Young Books,  ©1992. 3. Ganeri, Anita. Concentrate On Vikings. New York, NY; Aladdin Books,  ©1992 4. Streissguth, Thomas. Life Among the Vikings. San Diego, California; Lucent Books, Inc,  ©1999 5. http://www.sandiaprep.org/library/tucker/bib.html 6. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/village.html For the video’s on CD.

I have SMASHING news!

I have SMASHING news! Allo poppets!! Sir Nigel Archibald Blogberry here! Marianne and I docked the commvee for some petrol while the kids fetch a cuppa and some take-away. Earlier this year Eliza asked us to install wireless Internet on the old boat. In fact she was rather demanding, although I must say now I quite enjoy being able to stream BBC Radio to Zanzibar while on safari. She also insisted I begin a web journal which sounded like a simply magnificent idea. So let me tell you about our most recent discovery! Whilst rummaging about in the archives of the Bodleian I had found an old map of labyrinthine catacombs along the banks of the Charles River. So we pipped across the pond to explore the secrets of the old colonies and whatnot. I must say upon our arrival the seafaring natives looked at us a tad queerly, but after I deployed some primitive sign language they seemed to understand and welcome us. Some of them even brought us some terrific whopping rashers of bacon that were simply splendid. We packed our kit and started exploring the catacombs. I had barely touched pick to whisker before I fell into a great honking cavern. After I got over a slightly embarrassing case of the screaming abdabs, Eliza handed me a lantern and I began peering about. Thats when I saw them: the most SPLENDIFEROUS cave paintings I have ever seen, complete with ancient inscriptions in a mysterious tongue carved beneath them! Once, in the distant past, in the ancient land of Beaveria, there were two warring peoples: the people of Pi, and the people of Tau. For many moons they fought bitterly amongst themselves over how the circumference of a circle might properly be measured and honored. Until one day a wise old man, Stuartus Schmillius, came down from his home on the mountain top, bearing with him two stone tablets. “People of Beaveria!” said Schmillius, “It is time for us to cease this battle and live in peace!” He held his tablets aloft, shining in the sun. “From this day forth, we shall honor both our ways!” proclaimed the old man. “On Pi Day, at Tau Time, our peoples will join together in a celebration of peace, and also math!” Schmillius planted the tablets into the hillside, where they stand to this very day. Then he sprightly skateboarded away into the horizon. The people of Beaveria were somewhat puzzled, but thankful for this wisdom. And thereafter they honored Pi Day â€" 3/14 â€" at Tau Time â€" 6:28 PM â€" as a moment of special significance, as do their descendants to this very day. And beside this last painting was a final, lengthier message, carved deeply into the rock, as if its creators wanted to make sure it would last long after them. MIT Regular Action admissions decisions will be available online on Wednesday, March 14, beginning at 6:28 PM ET. When decisions are released, access decisions.mit.edu and log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. To ensure that you will receive a decision online, please visit https://decisions.mit.edu/verify.php and enter your username and password. The verify page is available now for applicants to confirm their login ability and decision eligibility. If you've forgotten your MyMIT username and/or password, you may use our automated system to reset it. Visit MyMIT and click on the lost username or password links beneath the log-in box on the right. I must say I havent the foggiest idea what this all means. A dark myth of wizards and warlords? Perhaps a primitive clamor for crops? An unusually dapper vision of the gods and ancients? Alas, we shall never know, as Im afraid their language is clearly long dead and totally indecipherable, even to a learned expert such as myself. Mores the pity, but ah well! The tots are back from Tesco and its time for us to be Blogberrying about again! Cheerio!

What Should We Know About AIDS - Free Essay Example

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been around in America since the 1970s. Since then, the effect of this disease on funeral service has been a part of many precautions that have been put into place. HIV and AIDS is a highly infectious disease that can be transmitted via bodily fluids and blood. While the main way this disease is spread is through sexual contact and sharing of needles, as an embalmer we come into contact with the body fluids, so we are therefore at a higher risk of infection. There are ways for people to get tested and treated for this disease but there is no cure. While there is treatment this does not mean the person can no longer pass on the infection, so as the embalmer this is an example of why we have universal precautions and special additional methods to ensure our safety and the preservation of the descendant infected with this disease.   HIV/AIDS and its Effects on Funeral Service HIV/AIDS arose in the United States around the 1970s. In this paper the origin, symptoms, treatment, diagnoses will be discussed. Most importantly the implications this disease has on the embalmer will be discussed. Since HIV/AIDS is an infectious disease spread by contact of bodily fluids this causes concern for professionals in our field. Its important to be knowledgeable about different diseases so that you as the embalmer can take the precautions needed. While this paper gives lots of useful information, its important to always remember the number one rule of always practicing universal precautions from first removal until disposition and even in the preparatory room afterwards. Scientific Name of the Disease HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency virus and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2.   The pathogen HIV causes the disease AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This type of immunological disease is caused by a retrovirus. A virus comes in many different types but the main similarity is that they infect a host cell inside the body and use it to continuously reproduce more infected cells. A retrovirus is a special type of virus because unlike most viruses it does not contain DNA wrapped in a protein but instead RNA. The cells that this virus targets are the T cells in the immune system; the virus mutates the T cells and then continues to reproduce this mutated cell. This slight difference with the retrovirus is that it allows the virus to reproduce these mutated cells quickly and they become more resistant to treatments (Mullins, 2006). Origin of HIV/AIDS The CDC website has an article about the origin of the virus. Its thought that HIV started in African from a Chimpanzee, this Chimpanzee was infected with a different type of the virus called, simian immunodeficiency virus. Through a mutation its believed that the virus became communicable to humans. Once our human population in Africa became infected it wasnt long before we started to see it in other parts of the world. The virus is believed to have appeared in Africa in the 1800s and was first diagnosed in America about the 1970s (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). Symptoms of HIV/AIDS Due to the progression of HIV to AIDS and the many other opportunistic pathogens associated with this virus there can be many different symptoms that may appear in people diagnosed with HIV or AIDS. There are three stages of the disease as it progresses from HIV to AIDS. Stage 1, acute HIV infection, symptoms typically appear 2 to 4 weeks after the initial infection of the virus. As the body naturally reacts to the virus infection, flu like symptoms may appear. These symptoms do not always appear in every case. This can be dangerous because during this first stage of the disease the infected person is very contagious, so if you are a person that does show these symptoms you may not know that anything is wrong for a while. In addition to the symptoms not appearing, tests may show up with a false negative, even though you can still have and spread the virus. Stage 2 is called the clinical latency (inactivity/dormancy) stage. Again this stage does not always present symptoms, especially if the person is actively being treated. Even though the virus is dormant the person may still be able to spread the virus to others. If a person is actively being treated they may stay in this stage for many years. The treatment keeps the HIV in the blood low so that the immune system is not as badly affected. Its once the HIV has progressed to a point where the immune system is very low that it can no longer fight off infections that the disease progresses to AIDS. The symptoms specifically associated with AIDS include: chills, fever, sweats, swollen lymph glands, weakness and weight loss. This is in addition to the low T Cell count (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). Its at this point where people start to acquire the opportunistic pathogens because the bodys immune system cannot control fighting them off any more. This means that the symptoms associated become much worse as well as a result of the other diseases the person may now have. Treatments for HIV/AIDS While there is no cure for the disease there is fairly successful treatment available. The treatment used and recommended today by the CDC is antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART is a combination of drugs taken by HIV patients. What this drug does is it lowers the amount of the HIV virus in the blood. Lowering the amount of the virus allows people to live longer lives even with the disease (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). The main side effects of the ART medication shouldnt cause serve differences in the body in regards to post mortem effect. Post Mortem Effects of HIV/AIDS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The post mortem effect of this disease really varies from case to case. With proper treatment patients affected are able to live for a long time with minimal problems. In this case, the living and post mortem effects may be unnoticeable. Other patients may have progressed further in the disease making them more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens due to their low immune system.   Mentioned later is all of the other diseases are associated with HIV/AIDS. Diagnoses and Testing for HIV/AIDS To find out if you are infected with HIV finding a testing center or purchasing an at home testing kit from your pharmacy is the first place to start. Since symptoms are not always present when first contracted, its important if you are sexually active or in a medical health professions to get regularly tested at your local doctors office. There are three different types of tests available they are: nucleic acid test (NAT), antigen/antibody tests, and antibody tests. The NAT test looks for the virus in the blood and the antigen/antibody tests look for HIV antigens and antibodies that the body would be naturally producing if infected with HIV (HIV/AIDS, n.d.). Tests either use blood or saliva and there are tests that can be done at a medical facility or at home. It is always recommended and in your best interest to follow up with your medical doctor. Transmission of HIV/AIDS HIV is considered to be an STI, a sexually transmitted disease, meaning it can be spread through sexual contact. The virus can enter at the vaginal opening, penis, rectum or orally. Sexual contact is not the only way that the virus can spread, any contact with infected blood; this can be through physical contact of wounds, blood transfusions and most commonly in drug users. HIV can also be spread from mother to child during birth or from breast milk, but this is less common (Mullins, 2006). Drug use is one of the most common ways that the virus is spread; this is from using contaminated needles that are shared. This is important for embalmers to note because in the event of a needle-stick injury the virus can be spread very easily. Opportunistic Pathogens associated with HIV/AIDS Patients that are diagnosed with AIDS are susceptible to opportunistic infections due to the diseases effect on the immune system. Having a suppressed immune system makes the body more susceptible to infections. Similar to how the elderly are often at a greater risk. Most often the parts of the body that get infectious are the central nervous system, the mouth, lungs, kidney, large intestine, small intestine and the skin. The central nervous system can contact disease such as Meningitis, Encephalitis, and AIDS dementia. Diseases seen in the mouth are Herpes labiallis and Thrush. Disease seen in the lung is pneumonia. In the Kidneys, AID nephropathy. In the large intestine is Colitis and Procitis. The small intestine mal-absorption is often seen. Dermatitis, Folliculitis and Impetigo are infections on the skin. Lymphoma and Kaposis sarcoma are also diseases seen (Mullins, 2006). Many of these disease can be life threating when the are a secondary infection of HIV/AIDS, because the imm une system is suppressed these infections are more difficult for the body to fight off.   The normal T cell count can be around 10 when the normal count is typically around 1,000 T Cells (Muller, 2006). Precautions for the Embalmer As discussed in the textbook, Embalming History, Theory and Practice, every embalming should follow the Blood-borne Pathogen Rule. This rule has three parts, universal precautions, engineering controls and work practice controls (Mayer, 2012). Universal precautions mean that you treat every single case in the preparatory room as if it is an infectious disease case. While embalmer by law are supposed to be notified of an infectious case, that does not always mean they are aware. Proper personal protective equipment such as gloves, ventilation mask, face shield, arm covers, smock, shoe covers and a hair net and important for the embalmer to have. Protecting your skin from direct contact is very important. Disinfecting, sterilizing your tools and workspace prevents any body fluids from contaminating the work area. Disposing of sharps in the correct container (handling them with care) and other materials in the biohazard container will help with stick injuries and contamination. Dont for get about during the removal too, wear your personal protective equipment and dispose of it correctly.   The threat to embalmers is not AIDS itself, although the infection can be spread through need-stick injuries. The threat to embalmers is the potential of spreading and contracting opportunistic infections (Mullins, 2006). In a conversation with two embalmers, Mr. Gilbert and Mr. Omatis I asked if either of them had ever embalmed an infectious disease case and what advice they would have. Mr. Gilbert and Mr. Omatis both expressed to be how important universal precautions were and how as long as they are followed that rule not much in the methods used is very different. Mr. Gilbert mentioned that he is sure to wear extra protection if he knows its in infectious case, particularly a face mask and a face shield, he said that sometimes he will even double glove (Gilbert, 2018). Mr. Omatis had a similar response but also told me how he has almost encountered two needle stick injuries while embalming an AIDS case. Mr. Omatis told me, Youll never feel your heart drop to your stomach so fast when you almost poke yourself with the needle or the trocar, especially if its an autopsy case. Mr. Omatis expressed the importance of taking your time and doing procedures the correct way to avoid any skin puncturing inju ries. Its very important before the embalmer starts the embalming process to complete a pre-embalming analysis. The embalming analysis will be notes taken about the conditions of the body before the embalming preparations are started. Because there are so many infections and diseases that appear with AIDS, the conditions of a decedent with AIDS may have vary widely. By properly completing the pre-embalming analysis the embalmer can make note of what special precautions must take place and what extra steps might be needed. There are certain methods of drainage that the embalmer may consider to use to minimize exposure to the blood and to minimize the airborne pathogens. The two methods that may be considered are using a drain tube or direct heart drainage. The center of drainage come from the right atrium of the heart, the method of direct heart drainage is taking the drainage during embalming directly from the right atrium. The method of direct heart drainage is a good technique for infectious cases because it will minimize the exposure of the blood to the air, therefore creating a safer environment for the embalmer. This method is done by inserting a trocar into the right atrium, where the aspirator can be turned on slightly to start the movement of blood out of the body, then can be turned off. The blood will exit the heart through the trocar, through the tube attached to the trocar and into a bottle or the drain. Using a drain tube is a similar technique because it will keep the drainage of blood contained in a tube, and into the drain to minimize exposure.   There are a variety of drain tubes that can be used for different areas of the body (Mayer, 2012). Special Methods used in Embalming In the text book, Embalming History, Theory, and Practice, embalming treatments that are recommended for a contagious disease case it says use solutions a little stronger than normal (2-3%); run plenty of volume; avoid personal contact with first drainage; run volume and increased strengths depending on other body conditions (Mayer 2012).   A higher index and higher solution will make sure to fixate the proteins to help stop microbial growth. The reason to avoid contact with the first drainage is because that will be the most infectious of the blood; other drainage would have come into contact with the arterial fluids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HIV and AIDS is an important disease to be knowledgeable about in funeral service. From its origin, the transmission and the embalming implications there is a lot to be aware of. Because this disease is an infectious disease spread by body fluids and blood, the funeral director and embalmer should know how to treat the body for both personal protection and so that the body is preserved in the best way possible to prevent other infection and to help the family view their loved one before final disposition.   The most important aspect to remember is to always follow universal precautions and take your time to analysis and preform the correct procedures.